Equivalence is the relationship between two languages, rather than between two texts in two languages

equivalence of the extra linguistic content of a text, otherwise called 'content invariance’

SL and TL words should produce the same communicative values in the mind of native speakers of the two languages

“Stylistic equivalence”

beyond the literal meaning and considers the emotional associations, cultural references, and overall "feeling" of the words.

• Related to => Text-type specific features or text and language norms for given text types

• beyond just meaning and considers the specific style and norms of the text type being translated

• Refer to the receiver to whom the translation is directed and to whom the translation is “tuned” in order to achieve a given effect

• Dynamic Equivalence

Pragmatic Equivalence may result in deviating from the requirements of text-nominative, connotative or even denotative equivalence

Focuses on the form of the text: Rhythm, verse form, special stylistic forms of expression in syntax and lexis, word play, metaphor…

=> Maintaining the style and structure of the original text

''expressive equivalence"

One SL item corresponds to one TL item.

Nil equivalence