It is a ADVANTAGES of naturalistic behavior that researchers are more likely to observe behaviors that are natural and representative of how the subjects typically behave.

(a)  

It is a DISADVANTAGES of naturalistic behavior that researchers may unconsciously interpret the observations in a way that confirms their expectations.

(a)  

Research design that we need a Participants or Respondents.

(a)  

It is a type of survey that respondents fill out written questions on their own (e.g., online

surveys, paper surveys).

(a)  

This detailed analysis allows researchers to explore the interplay of various factors like thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and environmental influences in that specific case.

(a)  

Also known as human contingency learning (HCL), is a field of psychology that explores how we learn through the associations between our actions and the outcomes of those actions.

(a)  

Focus on groups and averages, case studies delve into the unique experiences of a single person (or sometimes a small group).

(a)  

It is a qualitative research method commonly used in fields like zoology, anthropology,

psychology, and sociology.

(a)  

It can be used to explore these relationships further in a natural setting.

(a)  

This “theory” proposes a simple relationship: that as head size increases, so should memory.

(a)  

Its roots in classical conditioning, where simple reflexes are learned

through associations between stimuli and involuntary responses (e.g., Pavlov's dogs).

(a)  

Researchers can design experiments to test if one variable

truly causes a change in the other.

(a)  

A positive correlation between these two variables is predicted.

(a)  

A random sample of the local population could be taken.

(a)  

Prior knowledge of the subject.

(a)  

Restriction of range is a problem that can occur in correlation analysis

when the range of values for one or both variables is limited compared to

the entire population.

(a)  

A gym wants to see if there's a link between age (independent variable) and

gym attendance (dependent variable). They analyze data from their current members.

(a)  

No statistically significant difference is observed, but the effect

might still be there but too small to detect.

(a)  

This involves measuring the same variable twice on different occasions

with the same participants.

(a)  

The data shows a statistically significant difference, but in

the opposite direction of what was predicted by the hypothesis.

(a)  

This applies to situations where the dependent variable is measured using

multiple items or subtests. High internal consistency indicates that the different items

are measuring the same underlying construct and contribute to a stable overall score.

(a)  

A large proportion of participants score the lowest possible

score (or very close to it) on the dependent variable. This creates a "floor" at the bottom of

the range, making it difficult or impossible to observe any improvement or positive effect

of the independent variable.

(a)  

A large proportion of participants score the highest possible

score (or very close to it) on the dependent variable. This creates a "ceiling" at the top of

the range, making it difficult or impossible to observe any decline or negative effect of the

independent variable.

(a)  

In experimental research, a control variable is any factor that is held constant throughout the

experiment to minimize its influence on the results. These are extraneous variables (factors other

than the independent and dependent variables) that could potentially affect the dependent

variable but are not directly manipulated by the researcher.

(a)  

When the selection process directly affects the

variable of interest (e.g., only studying students' exam scores).

(a)  

When the selection process affects a different

variable that's correlated with the variable of interest (e.g., selecting

students based on GPA, which might be correlated with studying habits

(a)  

Its a strengths of Correlational Research It can be easier and less expensive to conduct compared to experiments. Identify Relationships: It's effective in exploring potential relationships between variables for

future research.

(a)  

The gold standard for establishing causation. Here,

researchers randomly assign participants to groups (control and experimental) to

minimize the influence of confounding variables.

(a)  

Techniques like stratification or regression analysis can help account

for the influence of confounding variables.

(a)