view that knowledge is innate

environmental impact on behavior (ex. upbringing, culture)

view that knowledge is applied through science

philosophical empiricism is associated with…

nativism is associated with…

behaviorism was a major viewpoint until the year(s)

the year the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany was set up

what year(s) are the 2 schools of thought (nativism/philosophical empiricism) are from

the year the first woman received a PHD in psychology

debate about wether psychological characteristics are biologically innate or acquired through experience

psychological issue as to wether the mind and body are separate or the mind is the subjective experience of the brain

unreliable technique in which participants report on their subjective experience

aimed at understanding the difference functions of mental and behavioral processes

philosophical perspective that mind and body are separate constructs

aimed at classifying different structures of the mind

the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany was set up by

structuralism is associated with

functionalism is associated with

mind-body dualism is associated with…

first woman to earn a PHD in psychology in (1894) / provided support for a connection between mind and body

“father of modern psychology”

first black person to earn a PHD in psychology in the USA (1922) / equality and racial justice in education

first female president of the APA (1905) / created a commonly used technique to study memory

“father of black psychology”

a paradigm shift that named psychology away from behaviorism to a focus on mental processes

first black woman to earn a PHD in psychology/ effect of segregation in education+wellbeing in black children

school of thought that emphasizes environmental influence on behavior/ major viewpoint until the 1950’s/1960’s

study of mental processes involved in perceiving, learning, thinking, communicating, and solving problems

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes/ builds on different schools of thought/ each school represents subfields of psychology

a major change in the way of thinking within a field that results in a new approach to the field

a method for answering questions about the nature of reality that reduces the impact of human biases

testable predictions that follow logically from the theory / describes what is expected under certain circumstances/ bridge between theory and research

“the science of mental life” / “the scientific study of observable behavior”

systematic investigation used to test hypothesis and find support for theories

explanation for how or why events occur / simple, clear, integrate information, enable predictions / never “proven” SUPPORTED or not

correlational, experimental

defining a variable or concept so that it can be measured

case studies, observation, self-report

attempts to establish causation by quantifying relationships between variables

research that involves observation to describe behavior

controlled study in which researchers manipulate an IV to study its effect on a DV

in depth examination of a single (atypical) person or group (ex. rare disorder, case of N.A.)

observing and recording behavior in a natural environment / research does not change situations (ex. urinal study)

methods in which participants provide information about themselves (ex. surveys, questionnaires)

investigations into strength and direction of statistical association btwn 2 variables/ relationship btwn 2+ variables of interest/ can suggest a casual relationship exists but CANNOT establish credibility

positive or negative number that shows the STRENGTH and DIRECTION of a relationship btwn 2 variables/ values range -1 - 1 / number determines STRENGTH of relationship / close to 1=STRONG close to 0=WEAK / sign determines DIRECTION of relationship

Strongest?

a variable that is manipulated (cause)

variable that is measured after the manipulation (effect)

group receiving manipulation

group not receiving manipulation

experiments CAN establish causality. WHY?

experimenter subconsciously changes behavior to elicit desired result

characteristics of participants that could effect their responses

variables that could affect the DV or person being studied

both participant and experimenter are unaware of condition / eliminates potential demand characteristics

randomly selecting a sample from a larger population

randomly assigning participants to conditions / eliminates issues associated with participant / variables differ from random sampling

a measure’s ability to produce consistent results over time / do the study’s findings replicate?

concern over how well study findings replicate across scientific fields

what contributed to the replication crisis?

a measure’s ability to accurately assess a variable / are we measuring what we think we’re measuring?

what is being done to prevent another replication crisis

participants provided w/ written information about what the study entails (consent form) before participating

committee that oversees ethics in research / required in institutions that receive federal money / evaluates the costs and benefits of research taking special consideration for participants’ wellbeing

providing participants w/ an explanation of the study’s purpose after they have participated

before a study can be conducted, researchers must ensure that the benefits of the study outweigh any potential costs

contribution to basic knowledge, improving research techniques, improving welfare

participants’ time/effort, physical and mental wellbeing, privacy and confidentiality, and researchers’ money/resources