Independent variable: the factor under investigation in an experiment which is ____________ to create two or more conditions (levels) and is expected to be responsible for changes in the dependent variable.

________________: the factor in an experiment which is measured and is expected to change under the influence of in independent variable.

_________________: one or more of the situations in the experiment which represent different levels of the IV and are compared to each other or the control condition.

Control condition: a level of the IV in an experiment from which the IV is ___ _____. It is compared to one or more experimental condition.

A __ __ ___ experiment is a research method in which there is an IV, DV, and strict controls. It is conducted in a setting that is not the natural environment for the participants with regard to the behavior they are performing.

_______________: the way in which participants are allocated to levels of the IV __

Independent measures design: an experiment design in which a different group of participants is used for__________ level of the IV.

Demand characteristics: the experimental situation which give away the aims. They can cause participants to try to change their behavior to match their beliefs about what is ___________ to happen, which reduces the validity of the study.

Random allocation: reduce the effect of confounding variables such as individual differences. Participants are put in each level of the IV such that each person has an ____________ chance of being in any condition.

Repeated measures design: an experimental design in which each participant performs in _______________level of the IV.

Participant variables: individual differences between participants (such as age, personality and intelligence) that would affect their behavior in a study. They could hide or exaggerate differences between levels of the IV.

Practice and fatigue effects are types of ____________effects a participant can have as a result of participating in a study more than once, ex. a repeated measures design. They cause changes in performance between conditions that are not due to the IV, so can obscure the effect on the DV.

Practice effect: a situation where participants performance ____________ because they experience the experimental task more than once, ex. due to familiarity or learning the task.

___________: a situation where participants performance decreases because they have experienced an experimental task more than once, ex. due to boredom or tiredness.

Counterbalancing is used to overcome order effects in a repeated measures design. Each possible order of levels of the IV is performed by a __________subgroup of participants. This can be described as an ABBA design, as _ half __ the participants do condition A then B, and half do B then A. M then N or N then M.

Matched pairs design: an experimental design in which participants are arranged into pairs. Each pair is similar in ways that areimportant to the study and one member of each pair performs in a _______ level of the IV.

Standardization: Keeping the procedure for each participant in an experiment __________ to ensure that any differences between the participants or conditions are due to the variables under investigation rather than differences in the way they were treated.

Reliability: a measure of whether something stays the ________ or is consistent each time the experiment is carried out using the same design, procedures and measurements.

Validity: the extent to which the researcher is _testing_ what they claim to be testing.

Replication: keeping the ________________ the same between studieswhen attempting, for example, to verify results or to enable other studies to use exactly the same techniques to answer related questions.

Field experiment: an investigation looking for a casual relationship in which an independent variable is manipulated and is expected to be responsible for changes in the dependent variable. It is conducted in the ____________ environment for the participants for the behavior being investigated.

Generalize: apply the findings of a study more ________________, ex. other settings and populations

Ecological validity: the extent to which the findings of research in one situation would ________ to other situations. This is influenced by whether the situation (example a laboratory) represents the real world effectively and whether the task is relevant to real life.

______________: an investigation looking for a casual relationship in which the independent variable cannot be directly manipulated by the Researcher. Instead they study the effect of an existing difference or change period since the researcher cannot manipulate the levels of the IV it is not a true experiment.

Uncontrolled variable: a ___________ variable that may not have been limited and eliminated in an experiment, which can affect the results. It may be a feature of the participants or the situation

Operational definition: the Clear description_of a variable such that it can be accurately manipulated, measured or quantified, and the study can be ________. This includes the description of the IV, DV or measured variables.

Alternative hypothesis: The testable statement which predicts a ___difference___ or ___relationship__ between variables and a particular correlation.

_______________ hypothesis: a statement predicting the direction of the relationship between variables, e.g. in an experiment whether the levels of the IV will produce an increase or decrease in the DV or in a correlation whether an increase in one variable will be _linked_ to an increase or decrease in another variable.

Nondirectional hypothesis (two-tailed): a statement predicting only that one variable will be __________ to another, e.g. that there will be a difference in the DV between the levels of the IV in an experiment or that there will be a relationship between the measured variables and a correlation.

Null hypothesis: a testable statement saying that any difference or correlation in the result is due to__ ______, i.e. that no pattern in the results has arisen because of the variables being studied.

Self-report: a research method, such as a _________or interview, which obtains data by asking participants to provide information about themselves.

Questionnaire: a research method that uses ______ questions to identify different traits about a participant using a written format where they would not be face to face with the researcher.

Closed questions: questionnaire, interview or test items that produce ______ data. They have only a few, stated alternative responses and no opportunity to expand on answers.

Open questions: questionnaire, interview or test items that produce ______ data participants give full and detailed answers in their ___own___ words, no choices or categories are given.

Inter-rater reliability: The extent to which two researchers interpreting qualitative responses in a questionnaire (or interview) will produce the ____ records from the same raw data.

Social desirability bias: trying to present oneself in the _________ light by determining what a test is asking.

Filler questions: items put into a questionnaire, interview or test to ______ the aim of the study by hiding the important questions among irrelevant ones so that participants are less likely to alter their behavior by working out the aims.

_______________: a research method using verbal questions asked directly, face to face or on the telephone.

Structured interview: an interview with ______ questions asked to each participant.

__________: an interview in which most questions (after the first one) depend on the respondents answers. A list of topics may be given to the interviewer.

Semi-structured interview: an interview with a fixed list of _________ questions. The interviewer can add more questions if necessary.

__________: a personal viewpoint, which may be biased by one's feelings, beliefsor experiences, so may differ between individual researchers. It is not independent of the situation.

Objectivity: an __________external viewpoint that is not affected by an individual's feelings, beliefs or experiences, so interpretations should be consistent between different researchers.

Naturalistic observation: study conducted by watching the participants' behavior in their ______ environment without interference from the researchers in either the social or physical environment.

Controlled observation: a study conducted by watching the participants' behavior in a situation in which the social or physical environment has been _________ by the researchers. It can be conducted in either the participants' normal environment or in an artificial situation.

___________________: a study in which the observer records the whole range of possible behaviors which is usually confined to a pilot stage at the beginning of a study to refine the behavioral categories to be observed.

Structured observation: a study in which the observer records only a ______ range of behaviors.

Behavioral categories: the ____ recorded in an observation period they should be operationalized (clearly defined) and should break a continuous stream of activity into discrete ____ events. They must be observable actions rather than inferred states.

Inter-observer reliability: the ____ between two researchers watching the same event, i.e. whether they will produce the same records.

Participant observer: a researcher who watches from the ____ of being part of the ____ setting.

Non-participant observer: a researcher who does not become involved in the situation being studied, e.g. by ____ through one way glass or by keeping ____ from the social group of the participants.

Overt observer: the role of the observer is ____ to the participants.

Covert observer: the role of the observer is not obvious because they are ____.

Correlation: a research method which looks for a casual ____ between two ____ variables. A change in one variable is ____ to a change in the other.

Co-variables: the ____ ____ variables in a correlation

Positive correlation: a relationship between two variables in which an ____ in one ____ an increase in the other (two variables increase ____).

Negative correlation: a relationship between two variables in which an ____ in one accompanies a ____ in the other (higher scores on one variable correspond with lower scores on the other)

What are two types of Self Reports?

What is an example of a closed question?

Which of the following is an example of an open question?

What are 2 advantages of Questionnaires?

What are two disadvantages of Questionnaires?

An advantage of Correlations is:

List a disadvantage of Correlations

What is the role of a pilot study?

What effect can confounding variables have on a study?

Why do variables in a study need to be controlled?

Method of intense study of just one individual:

A type of observation conducted in the participants' normal environment without interference from the researchers.

In experimental studies which group receives nothing? In other words, they do not get the variable that is under study.

This refers to the method of gaining enough participants that represent various backgrounds of people, allowing researchers to generalize results to the larger population:

What kind of relationship?

The outcome variable. The factor that is being measured.

A person's voluntary agreement to participate in a procedure on the basis of his or her understanding of its nature, its potential benefits and possible risks, and available alternatives

A principle of professional ethics requiring providers of mental health care or medical care to limit the disclosure of a patient's identity

The repetition of an original experiment or research study to verify or bolster confidence in its results

The practice of patients and experimenter's assistants remaining unaware of which patients get real treatment and which patients get a placebo

Which of the following methods best limits the influence of unknown variables in an experiment?

Which of the following measures can be precisely located on the graph of a skewed distribution without doing any calculations?

It is important for researchers to use precise operational definitions when...

Which procedure can reduce problems associated with the use of deception by a researcher?

Research finds that, in general, the higher an incoming college student scores on a given test, the higher the student's college GPA. Which of the following best describes this relationship?