• based on principles & traditions passed through apprenticeship education and common sense wisdom

debates & discussion regarding the proper direction & appropriate discipline for nursing knowledge development

moving nursing education from hospital-based diploma programs into college & univ.

the path to new knowledge; part of the curricula of developing grad. programs

masters in nursing emerged; nursing theory & nursing conceptual models were included as courses in studying of nursing

outgrowth of research era; research & theory produced nursing science

represents the most comprehensive ideas & systematic knowledge about nursing

vital to both discipline & the profession; “theorein” to look at; basis of modern research

branch of knowledge with a distinct set of rules of conduct

SIGNIFICANCE OF THEORY FOR NURSING AS A DISCIPLINE

refers to specialized field of practice; calling, vocation, or from of employment

focuses on the care of individuals & their families to help them recover from illness & maintain optimal health; integrates the art & science of caring

set of criteria tailored to nursing published by Bixler & Bixler

person’s regular work/profession; job/principal activity

means “to nourish”

broad & complex

address specific phenomena & reflect practice

specific theories that are narrow in space & focuses on a specific patient population at a specific time

first level of theory development

address nursing interventions and predict their consequences

METAPARADIGMS OF NURSING

• exhibits qualities such as caring, compassion, commitment, confidence, & competence

• mastery of relevant info., theories, & principles

proficiency in applying knowledge & skills effectively in practice

mother of modern nursing; lady with a lamp

birthplace of Florence Nightingale

Florence’s date of birth

Florence’s date of death

felt she was being called by God to do great cause

she wanted to be a nurse inspired by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell

her father allowed her to be a nurse

first woman to gain medical degree; florence’s acquaintance

school of Florence, Nightingale

became resident lady superintendent of a hospital for invalid woman in london

established by Florence Nightingale

return to england, taught at home with her older sister

crimean war broke out

one of Florence Nightingale’s childhood homes

war between turkey and russia

2 BOOKS IN 1859

3RD BOOK (1869)

focuses on the environment external conditions & influences that affects the development of an organism

IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

characterized by pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness & light

external conditions that influence life of an organism;

food, flowers, verbal, & non-verbal interactions

adequate lighting, proper ventilation, adequate warmth, quiet environment, diet

measure body temp. through palpation; open windows, position patients, regulate room temp

minimize noise

assess meal sched & affect on patients

nurses is responsible in controlling environment to keep patient from physical & psychological harm

motherly instinct; caring for someone else’s health (THEORY & NURSING)

guidelines for women who want to be a nurse; how to think like a nurse

patient needing nursing care regardless of social worth

depends solely on the nurse for task & control his environment

is being well; living up to the fullest of one’s potential

processes made by nature if a person did not attend to his/her personal health concerns

emphasizes promotion & maintenance of health, prevention of diseases thru control of environment & social responsibility; foundation of primary health care

to enhance comfort & recovery of patient

principles of nightingale are still relevant today

provides a framework for establishment of nursing training schools w/ universal guidelines in nursing training thru st. thomas hospital & king college hosp. in london; mother of research

should learn the art & science of nursing before employment in nursing service

comes from good education; case studies to monitor progress of students

THEORY CONCEPTS EXCEPT ONE

THEORY CONCEPTS EXCEPT ONE

mother of psychiatric nursing

introduced her theory of interpersonal relations

emphasizes the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice

strives in its own way to reduce tension generated by need

a word symbol that implies forward movement of personality & other ongoing human processes in the direction of creative, constructive, productive, personal, and community living

significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process; human relationship between an individual who is sick, or in need of health services & a nurse specially educated to recognize & to respond to the need for help

• forces outside the organism & in the context of socially-approved way of living

architect of nursing; mother of us alL

conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick/healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamentals need; nursing need theory ws developed

focuses on the importance of increasing the patient’s independence; emphasizes the basic human need & how nurses can meet those needs

• have basic health needs & require assistance to achieve health & independence/peaceful death

maintaining a supportive environment conducive to health is of her 14 activities for clients assistance

is equated w/ the independence/ability to perform activities w/o aid

assist the individual, sick/well, in the performance of those activities

nursing research pioneer who developed the twenty-one nursing problems

refers to a nursing diagnosis during a time in which nurses were taught that diagnoses were not part of their role

published her work “typology of 21 nursing problems”

• describes nursing recipients as individuals

• the purpose of nursing services;dynamic pattern of functioning whereby there is a continued interaction w/ internal & external forces

• included in planning for optimum health on local, state, & international levels

nursing process theory

emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient & nurse & viewed nursing’s professional function as finding out and meeting the patient's immediate need or help

patient/individual w/ unmet needs

• assumes that nursing situation occurs when there is a nurse-patient contact

• assumes that feelings of adequacy & well-being from fulfilled needs contribute to health

• distinct profession that functions autonomously; function of which is to find out & meet the patient’s immediate need for help