is an action which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man

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means any sort of activity, internal or external, bodily or spiritual, performed by a human being. Ethics, however, employs the term in a stricter sense, and calls human only those acts that are proper to man as man.

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What are the 2 classification of human acts?

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refer to those actions which are started, perfored, and completed by the will either by the will alone or through other faculties which are under the control of the will.

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refer to those actions that are either in agreement or indisagreement with reason. Now, let us treat each of the headings.

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2 components of human acts in relation to the will

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Are those which are started by the will, performed by the will, and are completed by the will as the sole agent.

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Are those which begun in the will, performed by the will, but are completed by the will through another medium which is under the control of the will.

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Seven elements of elicited acts

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The primordial desire, like, or inclination of the will to a thing conceived by the will as good and is known by the intellect.

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The purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realizable, whether the thing is actually done or not.

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The series of thoughts and judgments concerning the most suitable means towards the attainment of the desired good or end.

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A definite decision as to what means should be used.

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The active commitment of the agent to follow what means the intellect has finally opted and accepted by the will as the “right pick.

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Refers to the active interplay between the intellect and the will where the intellect commands the will toward a goal.

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The actual attainment of the desired good.

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3 kinds of command acts

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Actions done by man by way of his internal mental powers under the command of the will

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Main act of internal

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Actions affected by bodily powers of man under the control of the will

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Main act of external

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Actions that include mental and bodily powers

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Main act of mixed

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3 kinds of human acts in relation to reason

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Actions done by man “in harmony with the dictates of right reason.

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Actions done by man “in contradiction with the dictates of right reason.

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Actions that are neither good nor evil.

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13 kinds of voluntariness

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defined as "the act performed with complete knowledge and full consent"10 on the part of the agent.

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is just the opposite of perfect voluntariness. It is present when there is some defect in the agent's knowledge, intention, or in both knowledge and intention.

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refers to a degree of voluntariness which "is present in a human act performed, whether the agent likes or dislikes doing it."

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refers to a degree of voluntariness "which is present in the agent's will to do something other than that which he is actually doing, but doing with repugnance or dislike.

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a degree of voluntariness "which is present" here and now “before the mind while performing an action.

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is a degree of voluntariness "which was made at some former time and still influences the act which is now being performed.

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"is the intention in the unconscious mind of an agent made at some former time and which, although actually forgotten, has never been replaced.

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is a degree of voluntariness which "is the result of interpreting the intention of one who is not present or of one who does not have the power of judgment to make a decision of himself.

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refers to the degree of voluntariness that happens when the consent (which is tacitly done in silence or a nod or shake of one's head) to an action is externally manifested by words or by signs.

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(voluntary in itself) is that degree of voluntariness of an act willed as an end in itself.

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voluntary in cause or voluntary in causa) "is an act whichis desired not as an end in itself but as a foreseen effect or sequence of an act.

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refers to a kind of voluntariness which is present in a human act of doing or performing an act.

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refers to a kind of voluntariness which is present in a human act of omitting or refraining from doing.

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refers to an act which is desired not as an end in itself but as a foreseen effect or consequence of an act.

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are the factors that affect the essential elements of human acts,

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Five modifiers

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One cannot be excused of innocence out of ignorance. First of all, for a better understanding of ignorance we will compare it to innocence.

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2 classification of ignoramce from the standpoint of the subject

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