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Cambridge 17 Test 2

Total questions: 92

Worksheet time: 47mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What does the underlined verb mean?

"In late 1946 or early 1947, three Bedouin teenagers were tending their goats and sheep near the ancient settlement of Qumran."

a)
to take care of or look after
b)
to feed or nourish
c)
to chase away or scare off
d)
to ignore or neglect
2.

What does the underlined phrases mean?

"One of these young shepherds tossed a rock into an opening on the side of a cliff and was surprised to hear a shattering sound."

a)
The shepherd found a treasure in the cliff.
b)
The shepherd threw a rock into a cliff opening and heard something break.
c)
The shepherd climbed the cliff to retrieve the rock.
d)
The shepherd threw a rock into a river and heard a splash.
3.

What does 'toss something' mean?

a)
To drop something on the ground.
b)
To cook something thoroughly.
c)
To pass something to someone carefully.
d)
To throw or fling something casually.
4.

What does the underlined word mean?

"He and his companions later entered the cave and stumbled across a collection of large clay jars, seven of which contained scrolls with writing on them."

a)
strangers
b)
friends or associates
c)
enemies
d)
travelers
5.

What does the underlined word mean?

"He and his companions later entered the cave and stumbled across a collection of large clay jars, seven of which contained scrolls with writing on them."

a)
tripped over
b)
found by chance
c)
ignored completely
d)
deliberately searched for
6.

What does the underlined word mean?

"He and his companions later entered the cave and stumbled across a collection of large clay jars, seven of which contained scrolls with writing on them."

a)
musical instruments
b)
decorative pottery
c)
ancient maps
d)
rolled-up pieces of writing material
7.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"The teenagers took the seven scrolls to a nearby town where they were sold for a small sum to a local antiquities dealer."

a)
a large amount of money
b)
a significant profit
c)
a low amount of money
d)
a valuable artifact
8.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"The teenagers took the seven scrolls to a nearby town where they were sold for a small sum to a local antiquities dealer."

a)
A local historian who writes about ancient cultures.
b)
A shopkeeper selling modern furniture.
c)
A person who buys and sells ancient artifacts or historical items.
d)
A person who collects stamps and coins.
9.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"Word of the find spread, and Bedouins and archaeologists eventually unearthed tens of thousands of additional scroll fragments from 10 nearby caves; together they make up between 800 and 900 manuscripts."

a)
A specific archaeological site
b)
A type of ancient manuscript
c)
The news about the discovery of the scrolls.
d)
A group of Bedouin tribesmen
10.

What do the underlined words mean?

"Word of the find spread, and Bedouins and archaeologists eventually unearthed tens of thousands of additional scroll fragments from 10 nearby caves; together they make up between 800 and 900 manuscripts."

a)
Unearthed means discovered; manuscripts refer to written documents.
b)
Unearthed means buried; manuscripts refer to ancient artifacts.
c)
Unearthed means lost; manuscripts refer to oral traditions.
d)
Unearthed means ignored; manuscripts refer to digital files.
11.

Which phrase means "chủ đề tranh luận của giới học thuật"?

a)

A subject of scholar debate

b)

An object of scholarly debate

c)

A subject of scholarly debate

d)

A subject of scholary debate

12.

What do the underlined words mean?

"According to the prevailing theory, they are the work of a population that inhabited the area until Roman troops destroyed the settlement around 70 CE."

a)
'Prevailing theory' means a theory that is no longer accepted; 'inhabited' means to destroy.
b)
'Prevailing theory' means a theory that is only popular; 'inhabited' means to visit temporarily.
c)
'Prevailing theory' means a theory that is outdated; 'inhabited' means to own property.
d)
'Prevailing theory' means the most accepted explanation; 'inhabited' means lived in.
13.

What does the underlined verb mean?

"In addition, several texts feature translations of the Hebrew Bible into Greek."

a)
to include or present prominently
b)
to ignore or overlook
c)
to summarize or condense
d)
to remove or eliminate
14.

What does the underlined phrase mean in Vietnamese?

"The Dead Sea Scrolls include fragments from every book of the Old Testament of the Bible except for the Book of Esther."

a)
Sách Khải Huyền
b)
Sách Thi Thiên
c)
Sách Giăng
d)

Kinh Cựu Ước của Kinh Thánh

15.

What do the phrases mean in Vietnamese?

"Along with biblical texts, the scrolls include documents about sectarian regulations and religious writings that do not appear in the Old Testament."

a)
quy định tôn giáo và văn bản giáo phái
b)
văn bản lịch sử và quy định xã hội
c)
quy định văn hóa và tài liệu pháp lý
d)
quy định giáo phái và văn bản tôn giáo
16.

What do the words mean in Vietnamese?

"The writing on the Dead Sea Scrolls is mostly in black or occasionally red ink, and the scrolls themselves are nearly all made of neither parchment (animal skin) or an early form of paper called ‘papyrus’."

a)

giấy da - giấy gỗ nén

b)

bìa cứng - giấy carton

c)

vải lụa - giấy mây

d)

giấy da (thuộc) - giấy cói

17.

What do the underlined words mean?

"Known as the Copper Scroll, this curious document features letters chiselled onto metal – perhaps, as some have theorized, to better withstand the passage of time."

a)

painted on the metal - fade quickly

b)

printed on paper - become obsolete

c)

glued to the metal - deteriorate faster

d)

carved into the metal - endure longer without deterioration

18.

Which phrase DOES NOT mean "withstand the passage of time"?

a)
stand the test of time
b)
last forever
c)
fall by the wayside
d)
endure through challenges
19.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"One of the most intriguing manuscripts from Qumran, this is a sort of ancient treasure map that lists dozens of gold and silver caches."

a)
A guide to archaeological sites.
b)
Hidden collections of gold and silver.
c)
Valuable artifacts from ancient civilizations.
d)
A list of historical documents.
20.

What do the underlined phrases mean in Vietnamese?

"Using an unconventional vocabulary and odd spelling, it describes 64 underground hiding places that supposedly contain riches buried for safekeeping."

a)

từ vựng thông thường - cách viết chuẩn

b)

từ vựng cổ điển - cách viết truyền thống

c)

từ vựng hiện đại - cách viết đơn giản

d)

từ vựng không phổ thông - cách viết kỳ lạ

21.

What do the underlined words possibly mean?

"None of these hoards have been recovered, possibly because the Romans pillaged Judea during the first century CE."

a)

Hoard: a type of fish;

Pillaged: to build or construct.

b)

Hoard: treasure or valuable items;

Pillaged: robbed or plundered.

c)

Hoard: a collection of books;

Pillaged: to donate items.

d)

Hoard: a type of clothing;

Pillaged: to decorate or embellish.

22.

What is the plural form of 'Hypothesis'?

a)
hypotheseses
b)
hypotheseses
c)
hypothesi
d)
hypotheses
23.

What does 'Hypothesis' mean in Vietnamese?

a)
Giả thuyết
b)
Giả mạo
c)
Giả thiết
d)
Giả định
24.

What does the underlined word mean?

"Some of the Dead Sea Scrolls have been on interesting journeys. In 1948, a Syrian Orthodox archbishop known as Mar Samuel acquired four of the original seven scrolls from a Jerusalem shoemaker and part-time antiquity dealer, paying less than $100 for them."

a)
lost
b)
sold
c)

bought

d)
found
25.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"This would be an ideal gift to an educational or religious institution by an individual or group"

a)
Organizations focused on education or religion.
b)
A gift meant for a family gathering
c)
A donation to a private business
d)
A type of personal gift for friends
26.

What is a synonym of the underlined word ?

"In 2017, researchers from the University of Haifa restored and deciphered one of the last untranslated scrolls."

a)
encoded
b)
interpreted
c)
translated
d)
decoded
27.

What does the underlined word mean?

"The university’s Eshbal Ratson and Jonathan Ben-Dov spent one year reassembling the 60 fragments that make up the scroll."

a)
Collecting the pieces
b)
Ignoring the fragments
c)
Breaking apart
d)
Putting back together
28.

What do the underlined verbs mean?

"It took at least 3,000 years for humans to learn how to domesticate the wild tomato and cultivate it for food."

a)

adapt for human use - prepare land for growing.

b)

create new species - water plants.

c)

eliminate pests - fertilize soil.

d)
  • grow plants in the wild - harvest crops.

29.

What does this sentence simply mean?

"This approach relies on the revolutionary CRISPR genome editing technique, in which changes are deliberately made to the DNA of a living cell, allowing genetic material to be added, removed or altered."

a)
CRISPR can only remove DNA without altering it.
b)
CRISPR is used only for cloning cells.
c)
The CRISPR technique allows for intentional changes to DNA in living cells.
d)
The technique is only applicable to plant DNA.
30.

What does the underlined word mean?

"This approach relies on the revolutionary CRISPR genome editing technique , in which changes are deliberately made to the DNA of a living cell, allowing genetic material to be added, removed or altered."

a)
The complete set of genetic material in an organism.
b)
A method for cloning organisms.
c)
A type of protein found in cells.
d)
A process for creating artificial intelligence.
31.

What is a synonym of the underlined word?

"This approach relies on the revolutionary CRISPR genome editing technique, in which changes are deliberately made to the DNA of a living cell, allowing genetic material to be added, removed or altered."

a)
intentionally
b)
haphazardly
c)
randomly
d)
accidentally
32.

What do the underlined words mean?

"This fast-track domestication could help make the world’s food supply healthier and far more resistant to diseases, such as the rust fungus devastating wheat crops."

a)

delay - unable to withstand - protective

b)

accelerate - able to withstand - causing severe damage

c)
  • speed up - easily affected - causing minor damage

d)

accelerate - able to cope with - mildly harmful

33.

What does 'edible' mean?

a)
Safe to eat or suitable for consumption.
b)
Can be eaten raw or cooked without any preparation.
c)
Only suitable for decoration.
d)
Toxic and harmful to consume.
34.

What do the underlined phrases mean?

"We can now mimic the known domestication course of major crops like rice, maize, sorghum or others."

a)

imitate - process

b)

explore - environmental impact

c)

analyze - nutritional value

d)

study - genetic makeup

35.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"Over many generations, peoples such as the Aztecs and Incas transformed the plant by selecting and breeding plants with mutations* in their genetic structure, which resulted in desirable traits such as larger fruit."

a)

genetic traits that are always harmful to plants.

b)

the physical appearance of plants.

c)
Desirable traits are solely determined by environmental factors.
d)

changes in the DNA of plants that can result in new, desirable traits.

36.

What does the verb 'breed' mean?

a)
To create a new species of animal.
b)
To train animals for performance.
c)
To select plants for decoration.
d)
To produce offspring or to raise animals or plants.
37.

What does the underlined words mean?

"Sometimes the desirable mutations come with less desirable traits. For instance, the tomato strains grown for supermarkets have lost much of their flavour."

a)
Tomato plants grown in greenhouses.
b)
Tomato varieties known for high sugar content.
c)
Types of tomatoes used in home gardening.
d)
Varieties of tomatoes cultivated for commercial sale.
38.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"The teams in Brazil and China have now used this knowledge to reintroduce these changes from scratch while maintaining or even enhancing the desirable traits of wild strains."

a)
To start anew or from the beginning.
b)
To replicate existing changes
c)
To make minor adjustments
d)
To abandon previous methods
39.

What does the underlined phrase mean in Vietnamese?

"While the historical domestication of tomatoes reduced levels of the red pigment lycopene – thought to have potential health benefits – the team in Brazil managed to boost it instead."

a)

phân đoạn màu đỏ

b)

yếu tố đỏ

c)

độc tố đỏ

d)
sắc tố đỏ
40.

What is NOT a synonym of the adjective 'aromatic'?

a)
perfumed
b)
scented
c)
fragrant
d)
odorless
41.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"They also created another strain that is more salt tolerant – and has higher levels of vitamin C."

a)
The ability to survive in high salt conditions.
b)
The process of removing salt from soil.
c)
A method of increasing salt content in plants.
d)
The ability to thrive in low salt conditions.
42.

What does this sentence simply mean?

"Groundcherries are already sold to a limited extent in the US but they are hard to produce because the plant has a sprawling growth habit and the small fruits fall off the branches when ripe."

a)
Groundcherries are somewhat available in the US but are hard to grow.
b)
Groundcherries are widely available in the US and easy to grow.
c)
Groundcherries are not sold in the US at all.
d)
Groundcherries are primarily grown in Europe and not in the US.
43.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"Van Eck’s team has edited the plants to increase fruit size, make their growth more compact and to stop fruits dropping."

a)

making the plants produce smaller fruits.

b)

making the plants grow more slowly and drop fewer leaves.

c)

enhance the plants to grow taller and spread out.

d)

modify the plants to grow shorter and denser.

44.

What does this sentence simply mean?

"Taking the work further would be expensive because of the need to pay for a license for the CRISPR technology and get regulatory approval."

a)
Continuing the work will be costly due to licensing and regulatory requirements.
b)
Licensing for CRISPR technology is free and easy to obtain.
c)
Continuing the work will be inexpensive due to no licensing needed.
d)
The work can proceed without any regulatory approval.
45.

What does 'the plant has a sprawling growth habit' mean?

a)
The plant grows only upwards in a narrow form.
b)
The plant grows outward in a wide, spreading manner.
c)
The plant has a compact and dense growth pattern.
d)
The plant grows in a circular shape around a central point.
46.

Which adjective can be a synonym of the underlined word?

"This approach could boost the use of many obscure plants."

a)
common
b)
familiar
c)
uncommon
d)
popular
47.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"But it will be hard for new foods to grow so popular with farmers and consumers that they become new staple crops."

a)

rare and expensive agricultural products.

b)

crops that are only grown in specific regions and climates.

c)

foods that are only consumed during special occasions.

d)

essential agricultural products that are widely consumed and form a significant part of the diet.

48.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"The three teams already have their eye on other plants that could be ‘catapulted into the mainstream’, including foxtail, oat-grass and cowpea."

a)
To limit the growth of these plants.
b)
To experiment with these plants in isolation.
c)
To ignore these plants completely.
d)
To promote or popularize these plants widely.
49.

What do the underlined words mean?

"By choosing wild plants that are drought or heat tolerant, says Gao, we could create crops that will thrive even as the planet warms."

a)

able to survive with little water or in high temperatures - grow well

b)

growing in cold climates - remain stagnant

c)

needing a lot of water - to struggle

d)

unable to survive with little water or in high temperatures - wither away

50.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"But Kudla didn’t want to reveal which species were in his team’s sights, because CRISPR has made the process so easy."

a)
Kudla's team is studying the effects of CRISPR on agriculture.
b)
Kudla's team is targeting certain species for research.
c)
Kudla is unsure about the species his team is observing.
d)
Kudla's team is focused on developing new CRISPR techniques.
51.

What do the underlined words mean?

"Scientific discovery is popularly believed to result from the sheer genius of such intellectual stars as naturalist Charles Darwin and theoretical physicist Albert Einstein."

a)

extraordinary intelligence - highly influential thinkers

b)

common knowledge -unknown individuals

c)

minimal effort - celebrities.

d)

average intelligence - ordinary thinkers.

52.

What are the missing words?

"Our view of such unique contributions to science often _________ (không tính đến) the person’s _________ (trước) experience and the efforts of their lesser-known _________ (người đi trước, người tiền nhiệm)."

a)

regards - before - predecessors

b)

disregards - prior - predecessors

c)

disregards - before - successors

d)

disregard - prior - predecessor

53.

What does this sentence simply mean?

"Conventional wisdom also places great weight on insight in promoting breakthrough scientific achievements, as if ideas spontaneously pop into someone’s head – fully formed and functional."

a)
Ideas are always the result of careful planning and strategy.
b)
Breakthrough scientific ideas require extensive collaboration and research.
c)
Insight is not considered important in scientific achievements.
d)
Breakthrough scientific ideas are often seen as sudden insights rather than the result of hard work.
54.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"Conventional wisdom also places great weight on insight in promoting breakthrough scientific achievements, as if ideas spontaneously pop into someone’s head – fully formed and functional."

a)
To consider something very important or to give it significant importance.
b)
To suggest that insight is irrelevant to scientific progress.
c)
To emphasize the randomness of ideas.
d)
To disregard something as unimportant.
55.

What is a synonym of 'breakthrough'?

a)
failure
b)
advancement
c)
setback
d)
stagnation
56.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"We believe that it largely misrepresents the real nature of scientific discovery, as well as that of creativity and innovation in many other realms of human endeavor."

a)
Various fields or areas of human activity.
b)
Specific scientific fields only.
c)
Historical events and their impacts.
d)
Only artistic endeavors.
57.

What does this sentence simply mean?

"We believe that this view largely misrepresents the real nature of scientific discovery, as well as that of creativity and innovation in many other realms of human endeavor."

a)

The view gives a false idea of the true nature of scientific discovery and creativity.

b)
The sentence praises the view of scientific discovery and creativity.
c)
Scientific discovery is unrelated to creativity and innovation.
d)
The view accurately represents scientific discovery and creativity.
58.

What do the underlined words mean?

"Setting aside such greats as Darwin and Einstein – whose monumental contributions are duly celebrated – we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error."

a)
'Monumental' means temporary; 'duly' means casually.
b)
'Monumental' means of great importance; 'duly' means appropriately or deservedly.
c)
'Monumental' means small in size; 'duly' means late or delayed.
d)
'Monumental' means irrelevant; 'duly' means excessively.
59.

What does this sentence simply mean?

"Setting aside such greats as Darwin and Einstein – whose monumental contributions are duly celebrated – we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error, where two steps forward may sometimes come with one step back, as well as one or more stops to the right or left."

a)
Innovation is a trial-and-error process that involves progress and setbacks.
b)
Innovation guarantees success without any setbacks.
c)
Trial and error is not a part of the innovation process.
d)
Innovation is solely based on individual genius.
60.

What do the underlined words mean?

"This evolutionary view of human innovation undermines the notion of creative genius and recognizes the cumulative nature of scientific progress."

a)

support - random occurrences.

b)

weaken - building up over time.

c)

enhance - decreasing over time.

d)

ignore -instantaneous change.

61.

What does the verb 'Postulate' mean?

Consider one unheralded scientist: John Nicholson, a mathematical physicist working in the 1910s who postulated the existence of ‘proto-elements’ in outer space.

a)
To deny the existence of something without evidence.
b)
To create a detailed theory based on existing facts.
c)
To observe and report findings without making assumptions.
d)
To suggest or assume the existence of something as a basis for reasoning.
62.

What do the underlined words mean in Vietnamese?

"By combining different numbers of weights of these proto-elements’ atoms, Nicholson could recover the weights of all the elements in the then-known periodic table."

a)
phân tử, bảng hóa học
b)
nguyên tố, bảng phân loại
c)
nguyên tử, bảng tuần hoàn
d)
hạt, bảng danh sách
63.

What do the underlined words mean?

"Niels Bohr, the Nobel prize-winning father of modern atomic theory, jumped off from this interesting idea to conceive his now-famous model of the atom."

a)
'Jumped off' means to abandon; 'conceive' means to destroy an idea.
b)
'Jumped off' means to ignore; 'conceive' means to misunderstand an idea.
c)
'Jumped off' means to fall; 'conceive' means to reject an idea.
d)
'Jumped off' means to derive from; 'conceive' means to form an idea.
64.

What does this question mean in Vietnamese?

"What are we to make of this story?"

a)
Câu chuyện này có ý nghĩa gì?
b)
Chúng ta có thể bỏ qua câu chuyện này không?
c)
Câu chuyện này có phải là thật không?
d)
Chúng ta nên hiểu câu chuyện này như thế nào?
65.

What does the underlined words mean?

"One might simply conclude that science is a collective and cumulative enterprise."

a)
Science is an individual pursuit with no collaboration.
b)
Science is a static field that does not evolve over time.
c)
Science is a collaborative effort that builds on prior knowledge.
d)
Science relies solely on theoretical concepts without practical application.
66.

What does the verb 'glean' mean?

a)
To gather information or material bit by bit.
b)
To destroy or eliminate material.
c)
To ignore information completely.
d)
To collect information all at once.
67.

What do the underlined words mean?

"In the same way, random, arbitrary or accidental mutations of ideas may help pave the way for advances in science."

a)

random or based on personal choice - prepare for or facilitate future developments.

b)

essential or necessary - ignore future possibilities.

c)

systematic or organized - hinder progress.

d)

predetermined or fixed - block future developments.

68.

What is a synonym of the underlined word?

"Support for this evolutionary view of behavioral innovation comes from many domains."

a)
aspects
b)
types
c)
fields
d)
categories
69.

What does the underlined phrase mean in Vietnamese?

"The so-called ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup placement, in which the rider’s foot in his left stirrup is placed as much as 25 centimeters lower than the right, is believed to confer important speed advantages when turning on oval tracks."

a)
khoảng cách giữa hai bàn đạp
b)
cách đặt yên
c)
vị trí chân đạp
d)
vị trí bàn đạp (của yên ngựa)
70.

What does the underlined word mean?

"The so-called ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup placement, in which the rider’s foot in his left stirrup is placed as much as 25 centimeters lower than the right, is believed to confer important speed advantages when turning on oval tracks."

a)
remove or take away
b)
restrict or limit
c)
deny or withhold
d)
grant or bestow
71.

What do the underlined words mean?

"Had the jockey conducted methodical investigations or examined extensive film records in a shrewd plan to outrun his rivals?"

a)

horse trainer - foolish idea - walk slower than rivals -

b)

horse rider - silly idea - run slower than rivals

c)

horse rider - clever strategy - move faster than rivals

72.

What does the underlined word mean?

"His modification just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance."

a)
improvement or enhancement
b)
decrease or reduction
c)
stability or consistency
d)
change or alteration
73.

What does the underlined phrasal verb mean?

"His modification just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance."

a)
to occur in a different location than something else
b)
to be in conflict with something
c)
to happen as a result of something
d)
to occur at the same time as something else
74.

What does the underlined adjective mean?

"His modification just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance."

a)
Reduced quality of left-hand turning performance.
b)
No change in left-hand turning performance.
c)
Diminished left-hand turning performance.
d)
Improved or increased in quality or performance.
75.

What does the underlined word mean?

"This led to the rapid and widespread adoption of riding acey-deucy by many riders, a racing style which continues in today’s thoroughbred racing."

a)
A style of horse grooming.
b)

(a horse) with parents that are of the same breed and have good qualities

c)
A type of horse feed.
d)
A famous horse racing event.
76.

What does the sentece simply mean?

"Plenty of other stories show that fresh advances can arise from error, misadventure, and also pure serendipity – a happy accident."

a)
Mistakes always lead to negative outcomes.
b)
Happy accidents are never beneficial.
c)
New positive developments can emerge from mistakes or happy accidents.
d)
Fresh advances can only come from careful planning.
77.

What does the underlined word mean?

"The solution to both these problems was invention of the brilliantly simple yet phenomenally successful Post-It note."

a)
Mediocre success
b)
Unsuccessful attempt
c)
Extraordinarily successful
d)
Complicated failure
78.

What does the underlined phrase mean?

"Such examples give lie to the claim that ingenious, designing minds are responsible for human creativity and invention."

a)

question the validity of the claim

b)

support the claim

c)

prove the claim false

d)

ignore the claim altogether

79.

What do the underlined words mean?

"Such examples give lie to the claim that ingenious, designing minds are responsible for human creativity and invention."

a)

artistic - physical objects.

b)

clever or inventive - creative individuals.

c)

traditional - historical figures.

d)

simple or dull - uncreative individuals.

80.

What does this sentence simply mean?

"Far more banal and mechanical forces may be at work; forces that are fundamentally connected to the laws of science."

a)
There are only emotional forces at play.
b)
Scientific laws are irrelevant to the situation.
c)
Mechanical forces are unrelated to basic principles.
d)
There are basic, mechanical forces related to scientific laws.
81.

What does this sentence simply mean?

"The notions of insight, creativity and genius are often invoked, but they remain vague and of doubtful scientific utility, especially when one considers the diverse and enduring contributions of individuals such as Plato, Leonardo da Vinci, Shakespeare, Beethoven, Galileo, Newton, Kepler, Curie, Pasteur and Edison."

a)
Insight, creativity, and genius are well-defined scientific concepts.
b)
The contributions of individuals like Einstein and Hawking are irrelevant to the discussion.
c)
The terms are universally accepted and have clear definitions in psychology.
d)
The terms insight, creativity, and genius are unclear and not scientifically useful, despite the notable contributions of great individuals.
82.

What does this sentence simply mean?

" These notions merely label rather than explain the evolution of human innovations."

a)
The terms only categorize innovations without explaining their development.
b)
The terms are used to predict future innovations.
c)
The terms explain the process of innovation development.
d)
These notions provide detailed descriptions of innovations.
83.

What does this sentence simply mean?

"The Law of Effect holds that organisms tend to repeat successful behaviors and to refrain from performing unsuccessful ones."

a)
Organisms repeat successful actions and avoid unsuccessful ones.
b)
Successful behaviors are ignored in favor of new actions.
c)
All behaviors are equally likely to be repeated regardless of success.
d)
Organisms only repeat behaviors that are easy to perform.
84.

What does the underlined phrase mean in Vietnamese?

"Just like Darwin’s Law of Natural Selection, the Law of Effect involves an entirely mechanical process of variation and selection, without any end objective in sight."

a)
mục tiêu cuối cùng
b)
mục tiêu tạm thời
c)
mục tiêu phụ
d)
mục tiêu chính
85.

What does the underlined word mean?

"In particular, the provenance of the raw material on which the Law of Effect operates is not as clearly known as that of the genetic mutations on which the Law of Natural Selection operates."

a)
Origin or source
b)
Type or category
c)
Quality or characteristic
d)
Destination or endpoint
86.

What ảe the missing words?

"The generation of _____ (mới mẻ) ideas and behaviors may not be entirely random, but _______ (bị hạn chế, giới hạn) by prior successes and failures – of the current individual (such as Bohr) or of _________ (người tiền nhiệm) (such as Nicholson)."

a)

novelist - constrained - successors

b)

novel - constrained - successors

c)

novel - constrained - predecessors

d)

novel - restrained - predecessors

87.

What does the underlined word mean in Vietnamese?

"The time seems right for abandoning the naïve notion of intelligent design and genius, and for scientifically exploring the true origins of creative behavior."

a)
tinh tế
b)
khôn ngoan
c)
thông minh
d)
ngây thơ
88.

What does 'Widely held view' mean?

a)
An outdated belief that is no longer relevant.
b)
A rare opinion held by a few individuals.
c)
A personal preference that varies from person to person.
d)
A commonly accepted belief or opinion.
89.

What does 'Justify a standpoint' mean?

a)
To provide reasons or evidence supporting a particular opinion or position.
b)
To ignore opposing views completely.
c)
To express a personal feeling without any evidence.
d)
To summarize a topic without taking a position.
90.

What does 'Great minds' mean in Vietnamese?

a)
Những bộ óc bình thường
b)
Những người thông minh
c)
Những ý tưởng vĩ đại
d)
Những bộ óc vĩ đại
91.

What does 'Provoke something' mean?

a)
To ignore a situation completely.
b)
To create a peaceful environment.
c)
To analyze a problem thoroughly.
d)
To incite or stimulate a reaction.
92.

What does the verb "Compromise" mean?

a)
To make a final decision without discussion.
b)
To ignore the opinions of others.
c)
To reach an agreement by making concessions.
d)
To refuse to negotiate.