fields that integrates, geology, geophysics, and engineering to understand and manage sub surface reservoir

(a)  

for the designing effective extraction strategies and maximizing resource recovery

(a)  

how fluid will behaved in the reservoir and different condition?

(a)  

reduce risk and cost associated with exploration

(a)  

helps to locate and assess potential reserve before drilling

(a)  

Two importance under the guiding drilling and completion

(a)  

I identify valuable minerals and metals

(a)  

exploring drilling and managing hydrocarbon resource and under the natural resource management

(a)  

assessing groundwater, availability, quality and sustainability and managing water supplies

(a)  

Assessing soil and rock properties for ensure safe and stable foundation

(a)  

Evaluating location for construction project

(a)  

Scientific study of the Earth, including its material processes, history, and the forces that shape it

(a)  

Study of rocks, mineral, and soil

(a)  

major branches of geology

Study of how rocks the deform under stress

(a)  

Study of sediment, formation, transport, and deposition

(a)  

Study of ancient life form preserve in rock

(a)  

investigation of the history of life on earth and how organisms evolve and over geological time

(a)  

branch of geology, focus on understanding the materials and processes that shapes the earths structures and surface

(a)  

structure of earth that is thicker about 30 or 70 KM and less than than the other one

(a)  

Continental crust is composed of white rock

(a)  

oceanic crust dinner and about how many KM

(a)  

this earth structure is composed of primary basaltic rocks

(a)  

rigid outer layer

(a)  

composed of more solid high-pressure minerals, like perovskite and ferropericlase

(a)  

liquid layer extending from 2900 KM to 5150 KM

(a)  

inner core can extend from 5150 km to about

(a)  

Building blocks of rock

(a)  

It has to defined chemical formula that can vary likely due to impurities or substitution

(a)  

May also form from compounds dissolved in liquid, such as water

(a)  

most abundant mineral

(a)  

compose of silicon and oxygen known for its hardness and resistance to weathering

(a)  

Important in granite and other igneous

(a)  

silicate material with layered structure

(a)  

have significant role in carbon cycle and used as building material

(a)  

oxygen combined with one or more metals

(a)  

use in pigments and other industrialize application

(a)  

Pyrite is often referred to as

(a)  

halite is commonly known as

(a)  

Measure the mass of a material divided by its volume

(a)  

how many mineral surface reflect light and can be categorized as metallic vitreous pearly?

(a)  

flat smooth planes along with some mineral break

(a)  

hue of a mineral

(a)  

Color of the residue by scratching a mineral

(a)  

used to describe minerals hardness

(a)  

Form from the cooling and solidification of molten magma

(a)  

magma that cool slowly beneath the Earth surface

(a)  

form from lava the cool quickly

(a)  

accumulation and compaction of sediments

(a)  

rocks are mineral that have been cemented together

(a)  

form from the evaporation of water and subsequent precipitation of mineral

(a)  

In metamorphic rocks, the changes can typically occur at temperature in excess of

(a)  

If igneous rock encountered heat and pressure, it will form

(a)  

If magma cools down, it will form

(a)  

occur on the surface of the Earth

(a)  

fake place within or in interio of the Earth it

(a)  

minerals are broken down into small particles

(a)  

essential in shaping the earths landscape and soil formation

(a)  

Break down rocks into smaller particle without changing chemical composition

(a)  

if it’s also known as ice wedging most common in climate which frequent freeze thaw

(a)  

repeated the heating and cooling of rocks

(a)  

rocks and sediments grind against each other

(a)  

Rocks peel away due to pressure release or stress

(a)  

breakdown of rocks through chemical reaction

(a)  

water reacts with mineral to forms new minera

(a)  

oxygen reacts with minerals, particularly iron, to form oxides, which can weaken the rock

(a)  

its a carbon dioxide in water forms carbonic acid, which reacts with minerals like limestone, dissolving them

(a)  

minerals dissolve directly into water, especially those susceptible to acids

(a)  

The disintegration or decay or rocks and minerals caused by chemical or physical agents of organisms.

(a)  

plant roots grow into cracks in rocks, expanding and causing the rock to break apart

(a)  

these organisms produce acids that chemically weather rocks

(a)  

burrowing animals and other organisms disturb rock structure, leading to mechanical breakdown

(a)  

The process by which earth’s surface is worn away by wind, water, or ice. It takes place when there is rainfall, surface runoff, flowing rivers, seawater intrusion, flooding, freezing and thawing, hurricanes, wind, etc.

(a)  

Rivers, steams, and rain can erode rocks and soil, carrying them downstream

(a)  

Wind can transport fine particles over long distances, particularly in arid regions

(a)  

Glaciers can erode large amounts of rock and soil as they move

(a)  

Landslides and rock faults result from gravity pulling loose material downslope

(a)  

The movement of eroded material from one place to another.

(a)  

is where fine particles like silt and clay are carried in the water column

(a)  

is where small pebbles and sand grains are bounced along the bed of a river or by the wind

(a)  

is where larger rocks and boulders are rolled along the ground by water, wind, or ice

(a)  

is where dissolved minerals are transported in water.

(a)  

The process by which transported material is laid down or settles in a new location

(a)  

Sediments are deposited at the mouth of a river as it enters a slower-moving body of water

(a)  

Wind deposits sand in mounds or ridges

(a)  

Rocks and debris carried by glaciers are deposited as the glacier retreats

(a)  

The general term for a group of processes that convert loose sediment into sedimentary rock.

(a)  

is the process that packs loose sediment grains tightly together due to increasing weight of overburden, resulting to reduction of open pore space.

(a)  

is a process in which the precipitation of solid material called cement around sediment grains bind them into a firm, coherent rock, resulting in further reduction of open pore spaces.

(a)  

Physical features within sedimentary rocks that form during or shortly after sediment deposition.These structures provide valuable insights into the environmental conditions prevailing at the time of deposition.

(a)  

Formed by physical or chemical processes without the direct involvement of biological activity

(a)  

Features which form on the surface of a bed of sediment

(a)  

Small, wave-like structures formed by water or wind movement

(a)  

form in unidirectional currents. Crests may be straight, sinuous, or lobe-like, depending on water velocity

(a)  

produced in waves or oscillating water. Crests tend to be relatively straight, but may bifurcate

(a)  

Polygonal cracks formed in drying mud, indicating subaerial exposure

(a)  

Stratification (layering) is the most obvious feature of sedimentary rocks. The layers (strata) are visible because of the differences in the color or texture of adjacent beds. Strata thicker than 1 cm are commonly referred to as beds; thinner layers are called laminations or laminae; the upper and lower surfaces of these layers are called bedding planes.

(a)  

most bedding is horizontal because the sediments from which the sedimentary rocks formed were originally deposited as horizontal layers

(a)  

result when a sediment-laden current begins to slow down. The grain size within a graded bed ranges from coarser at the bottom to finer at the top. Hence, graded beds may be used as “up indicators”

(a)  

if the individual layers are thicker than 1 cm, the crossstratification may be referred to as cross-bedding. Thinner inclined layering is classed cross-lamination

(a)  

These are bedding plane structures preserved on the bottom surfaces of beds. They generally result from the filling in of impressions made into the surfaces of soft mud by scouring of the current, or by impacts of objects carried by the current

(a)  

produced as tools (objects such as sticks, shells, bones, or pebbles) carried by a current bounce, skip, roll, or drag along the sediment surface. They are commonly preserved on the lower surfaces of sandstone beds as thin ridges.

(a)  

produced by erosion or scouring of muddy sediment, forming “scoop-shaped” depressions.

(a)  

These structures result from the activities of living organisms, including both direct and indirect biological processes.

(a)  

disruption of sedimentary layers by organisms such as burrowing animals, leading to a mixed or homogenized sediment

(a)  

indicators of biological activity, such as footprints, burrows, or feeding marks preserved in sediment

(a)  

organic buildup of skeletal material from corals or other marine organisms, creating significant depositional features

(a)  

The study of rock units’ three-dimensional distribution and deformation history. It specializes with understanding how rocks respond to tectonic forces as well as the processes that cause formation to geologic structures like faults, faults and joints. The principal objective of structural geology is to understand the history of deformation in the earths crust and predict the mechanical behavior of rocks under various stress conditions Intense geologic activities occur at plate boundaries where plates move away from one another, past one another, or towards one another.

(a)  

is the idea that continents move freely over the Earth's surface, changing their positions relative to one another. Researcher Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598) noted geographic fit of continents e.g. Africa and South America, Atlantic formed by separation of Africa from South America, and speculates that earthquakes and flooding may have the separation possible.

(a)  

people supercontinent by studying fossils, rocks, and mountains.

(a)  

during (1880-1930) they proposed continental drift and Pangea and claimed that there used to be only one super giant landmass where all continents came from.

(a)  

suggested the idea of thermal convection as a driving force for the movement of continents.

(a)  

Similar distribution of (a)   such as Mesosaurus have been found in different regions and continents.

Usually, coal is found in tropical areas because the climate is warm and ideal for the propagation of organisms. Coal would be found in polar regions such as North Pole and Antarctica.

(a)  

(a)   ranges match across oceans (similar rock layers and rock types).

Places that are presently known to tropical and desert like, such as Africa, Madagascar, and India, finding ice deposits would seem unreasonable if not for the concepts of drifting continents.

(a)  

It is a hypothesis that the sea floors form at the crest of the mid-oceanic ridge then move horizontally away from the ridge crest toward an oceanic. It is developed by Harold Hess (1895-1982) and Robert Dietz (1914-1995).

(a)  

is the sliding of the sea floor beneath a continent or island arc. Hess Hypothesis was that sea floor spreading is driven by deep mantle convection

(a)  

It's a circulation pattern driven by the rising of hot material and/or syncing of cold material. Magma rises to the surface from the mantle. In time, magma is cooled by sea water and forms the oceanic crust. New sea floor created the mid-ocean ridge and destroyed in deep ocean trenches.

(a)  

Earthquake distribution matches plate boundaries.

(a)  

Volcanoes March some plate boundaries; some are hot spots

(a)  

Youngest sea floor is at mid-ocean ridge; oldest sea floor away from mid- ocean ridge.

(a)  

Because the ocean floor is mostly composed of basalt, an iron-rich substance containing minerals that align with the magnetic field, they record the alignment of the magnetic fields surrounding oceanic ridges.

(a)  

Studies conducted with thermal probes, for example, indicated that the heat flows through bottom sediments is generally comparable to that through the continents, except over the mid-ocean ridges, where at some sites the heat flow measures three to four times the normal value.

(a)  

Jogn Tuzo Wilson combined ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading into “Plate Tectonics”.

(a)  

is a large mobile slab of rock that is part of the earth’s surface. Its interior is inactive tectonically. Plates interact with each other along their edges (plate boundaries) that has a high degree of tectonic activities which causes the geologic processes such as earthquakes, etc. Earth’s outermost layer is composed of thin rigid plates moving horizontally.

(a)  

is the rising of the earth’s crust to higher elevations. Rocks that are uplifted may or may not be highly deformed

(a)  

is the sinking of regions of earth’s crust to lower elevations. Rocks that subside do not undergo deformation.

(a)  

The boundary between plates that are moving apart, creating new crust. These boundaries are typically found along mid-ocean ridges, where seafloor spreading occurs. As the plate separates, magma rises from below to fill the gap, creating new oceanic crust.

(a)  

Lies between plates that are moving toward each other. At these boundaries, plates collide. When two plates of different densities meet (an oceanic and a continental plate), the denser plate is forced beneath the lighter one in a process called subduction. This leads to the formation of deep ocean trenches and volcanic mountain chains

(a)  

where one plate dives or subducts under the other

(a)  

where dense oceanic plates under the continental plate; forms an active continental margin between the trench and the continent

(a)  

where plates collide crumble but neither is subducted

(a)  

is at which two plates move horizontally or laterally past each other. Crust is neither created nor destroyed.

(a)  

These are forces that tends to move or change the orientation of the plate (along earth’s crust).

(a)  

is referred to as the force per unit area or the force applied to a material divided by the area over which it is applied.

(a)  

Caused by forces pulling away from one another from opposite directions. It causes stretching or extensional strain

(a)  

Caused by forces pushing or squeezing towards one another in an opposite direction. It causes shortening strain.

(a)  

Due to movement parallel to but in opposite directions along a fault or other boundary. It causes shear strain.

(a)  

If the deformed body recovers its original shape after the stress is reduced or removed.

(a)  

If it bends while under stress and does not return to its original shape after relaxation of the stress. This type of deformation occurs at higher temperatures and pressures, deep within the earth.

(a)  

If it breaks or creates a fracture at stresses higher than its elastic limit. This type of deformation is typical of rocks in the upper crust, where temperatures are lower and rocks are more rigid.

(a)  

are natural breaks or cracks in rocks, often occurring due to tectonic stresses or rock deformation.

(a)  

are fractures without significant displacement

(a)  

formed when tension and compression associated with plate movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart.

(a)  

of a non-horizontal bed, is the compass orientation of a line formed by the intersection of an imaginary horizontal plane with the inclined bedding plane.

(a)  

of the inclined rock layer is the angle between the imaginary horizontal plane and the inclined rock layer

(a)  

Formed from movement of rock along the dip of the fault plane

(a)  

forms when the hanging-wall rock moves downward compared to the footwall. This occurs when rocks move away from each other due to the land moving apart.

(a)  

formed if the hanging wall moves up along a dip-slip fault compared to the footwall and if the fault dips at an angle steeper than 45o

(a)  

formed if the fault dips at an angles less than 45o

(a)  

It is formed by horizontal movement along the strike direction of the fault plane

(a)  

forms if features appear shifted to the left from one side of the fault to the other

(a)  

forms if features shifted to the right across the fault

(a)  

It is a combination of dip slip and strike-slip movements in which diagonal motion occurs along the fault plane, both along the strike and dip.

(a)  

is formed when two normal faults occur parallel to each other and the land sinks between the faults

(a)  

s the opposite of a rift valley where the land between the parallel faults is forced upward because the two faults are being pushed together.

(a)  

are bends or wave like features in layered rock. It occurs with convergent or compression motion. It is usually strained in a ductile way than elastic or brittle strain.

(a)  

Arched folds where limbs dip away from the hinge line. Oldest rocks are exposed along the hinge line.

(a)  

Trough-shaped folds where limbs dip toward the hinge line. Younger rocks are exposed along the hinge line.

(a)  

Limbs are parallel to each other, implying intense compressive stress.

(a)  

Upper limb of the fold override the lower limb that implies unequal compressive and/or shear stress.

(a)  

Type of fold that are overturned to such an extent that the limbs are essentially horizontal and indicates compressive and/or shearing stress is more intense in one direction.

(a)  

is a special purpose map made to show geological features.

(a)  

Distinct colors and patterns indicate different types of rocks or geological formations.

(a)  

Faults, folds, and fractures are represented using unique symbols.

(a)  

Lines demarcate boundaries between different rock units.

(a)  

Provides explanations for the map’s symbols, colors, and patterns

(a)  

Abbreviations and symbols on the map indicate the age of the rock formations.

(a)  

The foundation of geologic mapping is fieldworks. Geologists traverse the landscape, making direct observations of rock types, structures, and relationships.

(a)  

Modern geologists use satellite imagery, drones, and aerial photographs to map large, inaccessible areas.

(a)  

Techniques such as seismic surveys, groundpenetrating radar (GPR), and magnetic surveys provide valuable subsurface information.

(a)  

have revolutionized geologic mapping by allowing geologists to store, manipulate, and analyze geospatial data.

(a)  

enable the creation of highly detailed maps that can be easily updated and shared.

(a)  

is an instrument used for determining direction

(a)  

All important observations must be written down in a concise, orderly, and legible manner

(a)  

Basic equipment for any geologist as it is the tool used for collecting samples.

(a)  

Used to make the first analysis of rock samples in the field before further analysis is performed in the laboratories

(a)  

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