Graphical tool used to identify, explore, and depict problems and the causes and effects of those problems. It is often referred to as a cause-and-effect diagram or a fishbone diagram.

Something that the information system must do or a property that it must have. Also called a business requirement.

a sampling technique characterized by having no predetermined pattern or plan for selecting sample data

A systematic sampling technique that attempts to reduce the variance of the estimates by spreading out the sampling—for example, choosing documents or records by formula— and by avoiding very high or low estimates

a fact-finding technique wherein the systems analyst either participates in or watches a person perform activities to learn about the system.

A fact-finding technique that involves a large number of observations taken at random intervals

A special-purpose document that allows the analyst to collect information and opinions from respondents.

a fact-finding technique whereby the systems analysts collect information from individuals through face-to face interaction.