occurs when random events seem less likely due to their frequency in the past

overestimating the prevalence of events by how easily a person can recall instances of the event.

look for evidence to confirm our pre-existing expectation and seek out evidence to reassure us in our choices or decisions

frameworks for thinking and represent our basic knowledge of a situation or problem.

trying to solve a problem using a way that worked in the past;

using prior experiences that were successful.

thinking outside the box, is associated with creativity.

(generating multiple potential solutions)

sorting through multiple pieces of information to come to a single, best conclusion.

brain part responsible for planning & reasoning (executive functioning)

quick decision using first info that comes to mind (the most "available" info)

overestimating dispositional influences (personal factors) on people’s behavior;

when the guy cuts me off in traffic, I assume he's just a jerk (dispositional/ personality) even though I don't know him.

overlook actual probabilities or statistics and focus instead on individual characteristics or anecdotes;

(Farmer or engineer? Statistically there are more farmers)

modifying new info to fit an existing schema, schema does not change;

(taking in new info but NOT changing existing schema)

adjusting or changing a schema to fit new information.

(takin in new info and changing existing schema to fit the new info)

remembering the first time you jumped off a diving board

selfless behavior

Serial position effect demonstrates that people are more likely to remember:

type of sample that is made up of Ps who were readily available at the time of the study; already nearby

According to multi-store model of memory, the 1st stage is...

I want to dump my boyfriend b/c he wont propose,

but decided not to b/c we have spent 2 years together already and my time will have been wasted.

In an experiment, the possibility that the difference in results b/w the two groups occurred by chance.

(The difference was due to chance.)

the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category

reliance on the senses (smell, touch, sight, etc.) to evaluate new information.

Scatterplots

The difference was NOT DUE TO CHANCE!

Serial Position Effect says words most likely to be FORGOTTEN are ...

TRUE or FALSE?

Psych research with ANIMAL SUBJECTS should conform to all APA ethical guidelines for animal research..

Listing 50 uses for a brick, most new & unusual.

("Thinking Outside the Box")

Recalling your 10th birthday party

Amnesia... damage to the ...

Wisdom; long remembered facts & information. Gets better as you age!

Quick thinking, problem-solving, new skills.

Declines in old age.

tendency of people who are being studied to behave differently than they typically would.

Failing to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and a bent needle as a hook.

Remembering more numbers from the BEGINNING of a list than the end.

Remembering more numbers from the END of a list than the beginning.

tendency to expect the world to behave in a nonrandom way

Failure to recognize that an object typically not used for a particular purpose can in fact serve that purpose

Sudden realization to the solution to a problem.

Counting the letters in each word vs. Focusing on the meaning of each word

No new memories after an accident

Memory for new info (but cant remember the old).

(NEW interferes with OLD)

Memory for old info (but cant remember the new).

(OLD interferes with NEW)

Inability to produce speech.

Inability to understand speech.

Memory improves b/c neural pathways are strengthened.

A study to determine massed practice or distributed practice produces better grades on a word recall test.

The DEPENDENT VARIABLE is...

Mike's dad is a scientist and so is his bestie's dad. Mike thinks most dads are scientists.

His reasoning is based on...

mental shortcuts based on what's in the forefront one's mind;

recalling the first or most vivid example that comes to mind;

Memory for automatic activities

(bike riding & handwriting)

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort.

To determine whether a cause-effect relationship exists b/w 2 variables

Some aspect of a participant's response that is measured in an experiment

Processing every possible combo of the letters "DBRI" to get to the word "BIRD".

Testing CREATIVITY by asking Ps to come up with as many alternative uses for a object as possible

People generating novel responses to situations.

Inability to produce alternative uses for a paperclip.

When ____ of incoming info is prevented, there will be no transfer of the info to Long-Term Memory.

Knowing the effectiveness of different strategies for learning AP Psych vocab.

cognitive skills that work together, allowing us to generate, organize, plan, and implement/carry out goal-directed behaviors

Some people have extraordinary face recognition and can recognize a face after seeing it once.

a temporal lobe neural structure located in the limbic system, like a "save" button for explicit memories

is also known as working memory

working memory processing

Recalling a password and holding it in working memory

Recalling a visual party scene and holding it in working memory

Damage to _____: trouble remembering verbal info;

(but no problem recalling visual designs & locations)

Damage to _____: trouble recalling visual designs & locations;

(but no problem remembering verbal info)

Frontal lobes & hippocampus

Cerebellum & Basal Ganglia

Amygdala

Brain part responsible for executive functions (planning, reasoning, decision making).

Teens are still developing neural connections here, so more likely to engage in risky behavior!

Recall is best when encoding (studying!) and retrieval (taking the test!) occur in the same room.

Use of deception (telling Ps you're studying vitamins & vision, but really you are studying their memory) is okay, as long as you explain the true purpose of the study after the study is over with.

Divergent Thinking

TIME is a significant factor in forgetting.

Forgetting occurs rapidly after initial learning & levels off over time.

Remember to perform task in the future

Thorough but inefficient/time-consuming

Using the same trick to solve a problem b/c it worked before, even though it does not work!

Implicit ability to perform an action

Memory for factual information

Incorporating new info into old schemas, even when schemas are inaccurate

Witness's say they saw a red shirt produced false memory of others saying they also saw red shirt.

(misleading information!!)

repeat a problem-solving strategy using prior experiences that were successful
(even if it doesn't work now)

look for evidence to prove our pre-existing expectations

and seek out evidence to reassure us in our choices

frameworks for thinking;

represent our basic knowledge of a situation/problem

exposure to retrieval cues activates our memory;

activating memory systems using cues.

when conditions at recall are as close as possible to conditions at encoding;

"same classroom at the same time"

you helped your friend understand a concept, now you understand it better than you originally did

being asked to retrieve a list of words when given a cue to aid in recall

(EX: first letter of each word)

To help you remember what you need from Publix, you imagine walking through your kitchen and visualizing what is missing

Getting an A on your M/C vocab quiz b/c you recognized all the correct answers when you saw them.

you're more likely to remember information when you SPACE out your studying!

cramming and putting all your studying into 1 session

thinking about the meaning of the word/concept to remember it better

relating info into personal experiences

Remembering a list by walking through your house and making associations b/w things on the list and areas in your house

repeating things w/o processing them

(mindless repetition)

3-4 second sensory memory for sounds

making a decision based on how well the situation matches our prototype (or schema or stereotype)

Repeating your class notes to yourself several times

formula or "sure-fire way";

systematic; step-by-step-process

pulling door open instead of pushing it b/c that's what usually works

decision-making based on what's in the forefront of one’s mind

creative problem solving by thinking in unconventional ways & generating many possible ideas

decision-making based on how closely it resembles an existing schema

form of logical reasoning, draw conclusion from 2 premises that are assumed to be true.

It is a type of deductive reasoning.

1. 1. All humans are mortal.
   2: Socrates is a human.
   Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.