1. the branch of government that has the power to make laws. 

1. is a conclusion made based on what is not stated but implied.

1. is a statement based on general truth or knowledge

a period of ten years

How many essential elements of Geography?

1. consists of the traditions, beliefs, language, and arts of a particular group.

1. the order of events in relation to other events. 

1. is a document or an object written or created during the time of an event. 

is the study of the earth.

The order of events exactly by date

 divides the northern and southern hemispheres

divides the Eastern and Western Hemispheres

1. is the speed at which a population grows.

means it is talking or referring to the city

is the general weather pattern of a place over time.

1. is a person who legally belongs to a country and has full rights and protections of that country.

1.  is the exact physical location of a place. 

1. is the branch of government that has the power to enforce and carry out laws. 

Landforms, water systems, climates, natural resources, and human beings are all part of the study of?

1. What is a form of government that is run by elected representatives?

A period of time noted for its events, people, or other characteristics is called an

Which form of government is ruled by the people?

What is a preference that prevents fair judgment called?

1. The structure of a population according to age is called?

1. Which branch of government has to power to interpret and apply laws?

1. What is a document or object that analyzes a primary source called?

What needs to be in place so that people can buy and trade things that they need or want in life?

1. What is an economic system in which people and businesses are mostly free to make their own choices?

1. What is a form of government in which power is divided between the federal and state government?

What refers to something that exists as its own unit; anything that is real?

What are natural features of the land?

When talking about rural areas we are talking about?

Highest elevation in the state?

Cattle ranching dominates the economy

Petroleum industry dominates the economy

peaches and pecans grown here help make Texas a leading producer of these foods

Spanish explorer Pedro de Castaneda described its High Plains as “spacious and level”

Native Americans used to follow them when they roamed free about the plains

Lessened trade barriers between the U.S. Canada and Mexico

The landscape of the Rolling Plains includes small plateaus also called?

After the discovery of _____________ at Spindletop in 1901, shipping and warehousing firms became an important part of the Coastal Plains region’s economy

1. The ______________ Aquifer is a groundwater source that helps irrigate crops in the dry Great Plains region.

The _____________ Plateau is more suitable for grazing livestock than farming because of the thin soil covered with small trees and shrubs

1. is the city that is part of the largest urban center on the U.S.-Mexican border

1. How do some desert plants in the Mountains and Basins region survive in the arid climate?

Which two natural resources are the main industries in the Piney Woods area?

1. Which of the following resulted from the 1930s drought on the Great Plains?

In what agricultural market is San Angelo, on the North Central Plains, a leader?

1. Which of the following statements supports the claim that the Mountains and Basins region has the highest elevations in the state?

What physical characteristics can be found on either side of the Grand Prairie?

Many reservoirs were created in the Llano Basin that offered recreation opportunities because of the construction of?

1. What huge, pink, granite, landmark is a popular destination for visitors to the Hill Country?

What are some industries that dominate the North Plains area?

He led a Spanish Expedition to settle the upper Rio Grande Valley

Is the legendary city of gold Coronado searched for.

The explorers like Hernan Cortes were known as

 Stories of his travels from Malhado to Culiacan inspired expeditions searching for gold.”Age of Contact”

Named because Rio Grande passes through mountain ranges

He founded Fort St. Louis on  Matagorda Bay.

He reported to the Spanish king that the region of Texas had good farming soil but no gold.

He mapped the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Mexico in 1519?

Christopher Columbus sailed in 1492 in hopes to find a westward route to?

The explorers that conquered and settled land for Spain in the Americas were called?

Juan de Onate set up missions in what is now known as the state of?

Hernan Cortes renamed Tenochtitlan, __________ once he had conquered it

Who took over command when Hernando de Soto died?

Why did La Salle want to find the Mississippi River?

1. Who encouraged more exploration with stories of his adventures?

Which country or native lands did Coronado claim for Spain when he failed to find gold?

Who took command of Hernando de Soto’s expedition after he died, and tried to make it back to New Spain using a land route?

1. The first explorers’ group that entered what is known as Texas was led by?

Why did the Spanish suddenly become more interested in exploring and claiming east Texas?

1. What was usually the first structure built on most settlements in an attempt to convert the Native Americans?

1. How did the city El Paso get its name?

Which explorer did the Karankawa not have good relations with and had several conflicts with them?

1. What did Spain call their new territory and colonies in the Americas?

Known as the “father of the lower Rio Grande Valley”

Sent a secret letter asking French Governor for help

Founded one of the most successful missions in Texas

The Indian tribe that derived Texas name by not being able to pronounce tejas?

The term used to describe the residents who developed their own Mexican style and culture far away from Mexico

1. Who declared war on Spain making it difficult for them to continue making presidios. 

Fearing France’s growing power and new colonies Europe made the ________.

People who are of mixed Spanish and Native American descent are called?

Native Americans agreed to live at missions mainly for?

The unofficial capital of Texas for 50 years was known as the town of?

1. Which mission became known as the “Gateway to Spanish Texas”?

1. Why was Spain afraid France might become interested in colonizing Texas?

1. What is the time that Spain spent building many missions, presidios, and towns in Texas known as?

1. Which community hired teachers and set up one of the first schools in Texas?

Which was the first Spanish mission in east Texas, established in 1690?

Who was responsible for teaching the Native Americans the language, traditions, and customs of Spanish people?

1. Many of the missions would fail because they would not have enough Native American participation. What was the main thing keeping them from participating?

Why did father Francisco Hidalgo risk being a traitor and sent a secret letter to the French Governor of Louisiana?

1. Spanish settling in east Texas came to a stop in the late 1710’s, why was that?

Jose de Escandon founded 20 settlements over time earning him the nickname______?

A period of low economic activity and high unemployment

Unwillingness; a lack of enthusiasm

 A group of citizens acting as a military force

Believes power should be shared with States

Land agent whose job it is to bring in settlers to new area

A difficulty; a test of one’s will, strength and ability

A white person living in the U.S. who is not Hispanic

To become smaller

A person who shares in a business

To measure the boundaries of something, such as land

Believes power should be with national government

Someone who travels to unclaimed territory to settle

The money, property, and goods the bride’s family gives

Admin unit or division of land in Texas like a territory

The first man to gain permission from Spain to bring Anglo American settlers into Texas was

Moses Austin traveled to San Antonio and met with governor _____________, but he rejected his plan to bring American settlers to Texas at first.

Who liked Moses Austin’s plan and convinced the governor to reconsider it?

The first man to gain permission from Spain to bring Anglo American settlers into Texas was

The first man to gain permission from Spain to bring Anglo American settlers into Texas was

Moses Austin traveled to San Antonio and met with governor _________________________________, but he rejected his plan to bring American settlers to Texas at first.

Who liked Austin’s plan and convinced the governor to reconsider it?

Stephen F. Austin took over and chose a land site between the ____________ river and the ______________ river for his settlement

The original agreement gave the colony _________________________ acres of land with a little extra being added by the coast to make transport and trade easier.

Governor Martinez told Austin that his settlers must have good conduct and be of the _________________________ faith. They also must agree to become citizens.

Mexico won Independence from Spain in ___________, and governor Martinez told Austin that Mexico would not honor the Spanish contract

Austin had to travel 1,000 miles to _________________________________ in order to negotiate a  new contract. 

The Texas settlements were often raided by two groups of Native Americans the _________________________________ and the ___________________________

According to the federal Constitution of 1824, Mexico would be divided into ____ states and ___ territories.

Texas was combined with another territory to make the state of _______________________________

Texas was allowed one representative in a 12 member legislature and it was _______________________________________ who represented Texas.

The new colonization law of 1824 allowed the ______________________ to make decisions about issuing ________________________________

Under the new colonization law people only had to make their way to __________________________, the capital of Coahuila y Tejas

Saltillo’s state legislature passed its own colonization law which allowed a family to obtain roughly _______ acres of land for just _____$

________________________________ founded the town of Victoria with the help of his wife’s dowry. His colony was favored since he was a Mexican native empresario.

Irish natives ________________________________ and _________________________________ settled along the Gulf coast and named their town ___________________________ after the old Spanish mission. 

Most of the settlers in Austin’s colony were ______________________________

Most of the settlers in Austin’s colony were ______________________________

In 1834, ______________ was sent by the Mexican government to count the populations of the departments. He found that most Texas were ______________

How did the Imperialization law affect slavery in Texas?

In 1829 Mexico passed a law that ended ________________________ and the country became a refuge for African Americans. However, the law was not enforced in ____________________________.

__________________________ Americans, though surprising, sometimes held ________________________ persons for different complex reasons, sometimes to help family members not work for harsh owners, or just simple economic prosperity

Took over after his father died and became a successful

Texas empresario bringing over 300 or more families to Texas

A native Mexican empresario who received permission

To establish a colony of Mexican families along the lower Guadalupe

Helped convince the Mexican governor to accept Austin’s

request and also helped Austin settle claims and record deeds to the land

Was sent to count the population of the departments in 1834

Received permission to bring 400 families to Texas next to

Austin’s colony, though they had difficulties it was one of the most successful.

Mission Corpus Christi was established near....

The first French settlement was called?

In 1689, who led an expedition through East Texas?

When Father Damian Massanet reached Fort St Louis what Native American group did he find nearby?

Where are the Caddoan Mounds State Historic site located?

In 1690, Alonso de Leon and Father Massanet returned to East Texas. What did they do with Fort Saint Louis?

What Mission was built near the location of Fort Saint Louis?

What river was Mission San Francisco de los Tejas built near?

Father Damian Massanet and what governor of Texas argued over everything?

What were the Native Americans more interested in doing at Mission San Francisco de los tejas?

New supplies from Mexico city took how long to get to Mission San Francisco de los Tejas?

On October 25, 1693, the Spanish set fire to which Mission?

At what age did Father Francisco Hidalgo become a priest?

Who helped found the college of Santa Cruz in Mexico?

What did Father Francisco Hidalgo know his life's work was to be?

In 1699, Father Hidalgo helped establish Mission?

Mission San Juan Bautista was moved five miles from which river?

Why was Father Hidalgo's letter a bold move for a Spanish priest?

In 1713, France sent Louis de St. Denis up what river, where he established Fort Natchitoches?

What did St Denis exchange with the Native Americans to teach his men valuable hunting and trapping skills.

At what Mission was St. Denis arrested at?

St Denis was allowed to assist Father Hidalgo in building a Mission in East Texas?

In what year was Mission Nuestra Padre San Francisco de los Tejas established?

How many members of the Caddo confederacy were there?

"Tejas", is a Native American word for?

How many Missions did Father Francisco Hidalgo and French explorer Louis de St. Denis help build among the Native Americans of East Texas?

What let other countries know that Spain was in Texas to stay?

It was whose opinion that the Native Americans would receive much needed religious instruction?

Native Americans were uneducated.....

Who were required to give up their traditional customs and become allies with Spain?

What let other countries know that Spain was in Texas to stay?

Who gave Native Americans gifts of beads, clothing, blankets, and food to get them to come to the missions?

Native Americans who did not want to come to the Missions were....

Spanish Soldiers treated the Native Americans badly.

The largest building in each Mission village was the?

Native American men were taught to raise livestock and grow crops of corn, beans, squash, melons, cotton and ?

In Villages where cattle was raised, men were taught a process of turning animal hides into leather called?

The goal of each mission was to teach Native Americans about?

It was hoped one day that someday Native Americans would be able to?

Native Americans who broke the rules or tried to escape were?

When did missionaries sleep before religious service?

When did missionaries sleep after religious service?

When did missionaries have religious service?

Under Spanish law who was allowed to own property?

Which town was the first to allow people to participate in government?

Many weaker Native American groups welcomed Mission life most importantly because if offered?

The worst effect of the Mission system was?

What reflects the Spanish influence on the state of Texas?

Who benefited from Spanish laws when Texas became part of the United States?

Mission San Juan Bautista grew into a successful mission village to include?

What would protect Spanish-controlled Texas from other countries?

In what year was San Antonio de Valero built?

How many missions were established near present day San Antonio?

What was the second and largest of the San Antonio missions?

Each Mission Village in San Antonio had ranches for raising all but

What was a method of farming developed by the Spanish to water their crops?

Who were an example of the most successful Native American group to enter the Spanish Mission system?

What is the El Camino Real

Between 1682 and 1795, Spain established _______mission villages in Texas.

Spanish Missions were under constant attack from Native Americans and ?

What did the Comanche and Apache trade with early Spanish and French explorers?

In 1746, Spanish Missionaries began building three San Xavier missions along what river?

In 1758, an Apache and Comanche attack on what mission resulted in the deaths of two missionaries?

After the American Revolution, Spanish officials put troops at _____________ to keep unwanted Americans out of Texas.

France sold Louisiana to the United States for?

In 1819, Spain and the United States signed what treaty?

What treaty gave Spain control of Texas?

Jose Gutierrez de Lara traveled to the United States to do what?

In 1810, who was captured and killed by Spanish Soldiers?

Whose army was called the Republican Army of the North?

Between 1810 and 1820 what country tried to invade Texas and free it from Spanish control?

In 1821, what plan created Mexico as an independent constitutional monarchy?

Late in the 1600s, England, the Netherlands, some German states, and Spain joined together in what they called the ___________.

What defined the Spanish Colonial era?

What were built to house soldiers who protected settlers?

What were founded to convert and educate the native peoples in the Spanish culture and religion?

What was the religion that the Spanish wanted to convert the Natives to?

How did Texas got its name?

A ___________ is a Roman Catholic man who belongs to a religious group, or order, and teaches Christianity.

What was the first Spanish mission in East Texas was dedicated on June 1, 1690?

San Juan Bautista Mission built in 1699, was known as “The Gateway to Spanish Texas”, because it served as a stopping point for groups traveling into the Texas interior.

What were some of the items that the French traded with Native Americans, which they then sold in Europe?

Why did the Spanish viceroy order new missions to be built in East Texas and send a large force of Spanish soldiers and families to help settle the area?

The large Spanish force arrived in June 1716 at the site of San Francisco de los Tejas. The new arrivals founded a mission called ________________.

How long was the dangerous journey from the Rio Grande to East Texas?

What settlement was the basis for the modern city of San Antonio?

What mission chapel is known today as The Alamo?

Who is considered "the father of the lower Rio Grande Valley“?

In 1719, after knowing of the war between Spain and France, the commander of the French outpost of Natchitoches in Louisiana decided to attack the nearest Spanish mission which was San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes. What did they find when they got there?

What presidio became the unofficial Spanish capital of Texas?

When Marqués de San Miguel de Aguayo returned to New Spain, how many active missions and presidios did he leave behind?

Life in the Spanish missions and settlements was complex because Native Americans saw the world one way, and the Spanish saw it another way.

Within the mission, the daily lives of the friars were routine and well ordered. They had set times of day to pray, eat, relax, and ____________.

What were the friars responsible for teaching the Native Americans?

Why did some Native Americans agree to live in the missions even though they did not accept the Spanish way of life?

What was the main task of the Spanish soldiers?

Soldiers had to buy their own uniforms, guns, ammunition, and food.

Who was referred as Tejanos in the early settlements during Spanish Colonial Texas?

What are Mestizos?

What is an example of warrior cultures in Native Americans groups?

What were the two factors that contributed to the failure of many missions in Spanish Colonial Texas?