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PHMS Unit 2 Test Review 2024

Total questions: 118

Worksheet time: 3hrs 28mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
An adverb describes a _______.
a)
verb
b)
noun
c)
word
d)
article
2.
Which one is an adverb?
a)
a
b)
big
c)
house
d)
clearly
3.
Usually you will find _____ at the end of an adverb.
a)
-es
b)
-ion
c)
-ly
d)
-ves
4.
He runs quickly under the tree.

Which word is the adverb?
a)
tree
b)
He
c)
runs
d)
quickly
5.
The girl is dancing __________.
a)
loudly
b)
sadly
c)
carelessly
d)
gracefully
6.
Today is Lina's birthday. She is smiling _________.
a)
sadly
b)
happily
c)
gracefully
d)
badly
7.
The birds are flying high in the sky.

Which word is the adverb?
a)
sky
b)
high
c)
birds
d)
flying
8.
The baby is hungry. He is crying ________.
a)
slowly
b)
loudly
c)
happily
d)
beautifully
9.
The robber is walking _______ so that no one will hear him.
a)
loudly
b)
happily
c)
quietly
d)
gracefully
10.
The children are singing the song _________.
a)
sadly
b)
beautifully
c)
quickly
d)
clearly
11.

Adverbs can describe_____, ______, & ______.

a)

nouns, verbs, adjectives

b)

verbs, adjectives, adverbs

c)

pronouns, verbs, adjectives

d)

verbs, adverbs, nouns

12.
Which adverb tells how?
a)
soon
b)
here
c)
later
d)
neatly
13.
There are many fun things to do at the beach.  Swimming is one thing that can be done at the beach.  Snorkeling is another thing that can be enjoyed.  Playing beach volleyball can be a lot of fun.  It is also fun to look for shells.  Some people simply like to sunbathe.
What is the main idea?
a)
There are many fun things to do at the beach.
b)
It is also fun to look for shells.
c)
Some people simply like to sunbathe.
d)
Going to the beach to swim can be fun.
14.
Jenny visited her grandmother in the hospital.  She saw how kind and helpful the nurses were to her grandmother.  Now she wants to be a nurse when she grows up.  She wants to help sick people get well. 
What is the main idea?
a)
Jenny got sick.
b)
Jenny wants to be a nurse.
c)
Her grandmother was in the hospital.
d)
Jenny was glad the nurses were being kind to her grandmother.
15.
The range of a bird refers to the area over which it flies.  some birds are able to fly great distances, and range over almost the whole world.  Other birds have a very small range.  they travel over areas smaller than one hundred miles.  What is the main idea?
a)
Where to find a bird range
b)
Why birds like to travel
c)
How bird ranges differ
16.
Seated on his throne, King Midas wore a golden crown. He had golden rings on each finger and held a golden scepter. His vest was embroidered with golden thread and even his shoes had golden ornaments. He had a golden box filled with gold coins. He named his daughter Marigold.
What is the main idea of this paragraph?
a)
King Midas loved gold.
b)
King Midas sold lots of gold.
c)
King Midas had a heart of gold.
d)
King Midas hated gold.
17.
Tom started to reel in his line. The fish tugged and pulled hard. Judging by the weight of his catch, this fish could feed his family for three days. Tom struggled to stay in the boat and not be pulled over the side. Finally his catch came into view. He had snagged a snapping turtle!
What is the main idea?
a)
Tom finds enough food for his family.
b)
Tom gets pulled out of his boat by a huge fish.
c)
Tom didn't catch anything.
d)
Tom catches a snapping turtle while fishing.
18.
I can't wait until this weekend! We’re going to my grandparents’ house and my entire family will be there. I will spend most of my time playing games with my cousins. We always have such a good time together! The day goes by so fast, and by the end we are all exhausted... but we still don’t want to leave!
What is the main idea?
a)
Weekends are times to travel.
b)
The author enjoys spending time with her family.
c)
The author's grandparents live far away.
d)
The author is sad to leave her cousins.
19.
Soccer players learn many skills when playing soccer.  Soccer players learn how to dribble and pass the ball.  They also learn how to control the ball so they can eventually score.  Most importantly, soccer players learn how to work together with their teammates.
What is the main idea?
a)
They also learn how to control the ball so they can eventually score.
b)
Soccer players learn how to dribble.
c)
They learn how to work together as teammates.
d)
Soccer players learn many skills when playing soccer.
20.
What is the best question to ask yourself when you are trying to find the main idea?
a)
Who is the main character?
b)
What is the main event?
c)
What is one important detail?
d)
What point is the author trying to make?
21.
Hummingbirds love pink or red flowers. They guard their favorite flowers and try to keep other birds away. They fight one another for food. Their wings make a whirring sound when they hover over flowers to sip nectar. The tiny birds fly long distances to go to a warmer climate for the winter. They make their tiny nests in shrubs or trees. 
What is the main idea?
a)
Hummingbirds are interesting birds
b)
They hover over flowers to sip nectar.
c)
They fly long distances to travel to warmer climates in the winter
d)
They guard their favorite flowers
22.
Which sentence is a supporting detail that recycling is important?
a)
There are many landfills available for waste.
b)
Recycling paper saves trees from being cut down.
c)
Clean jars before recycling them.
d)
Separate your paper, cans, and glass jars before recycling.
23.

Mark loves to walk in the woods. He enjoys looking at the trees and smelling the flowers. Mark also likes to watch the squirrels run through the trees.

What is the main idea of the text?

a)

Mark loves to walk in the woods.

b)

Mark enjoys playing baseball

c)

Mark is an active young man.

24.

Mark loves to walk in the woods. He enjoys looking at the trees and smelling the flowers. Mark also likes to watch the squirrels run through the trees.

Which of the following statements is a supporting detail to the main idea?

a)

He enjoys looking at the trees and smelling the flowers.

b)

Mark lives in the city.

c)

Mark likes birds.

25.

Janice loves to go to basketball games. Her favorite team is the Houston Rockets. Janice enjoys watching the players warm-up before the game. She has been going to games since she was six years old.

What is the main idea?

a)

Janice has been going to basketball games for a long time.

b)

Janice lives in Houston.

c)

Janice enjoys going to basketball games.

26.

Scooby-Doo ran quickly through the haunted castle. Scooby was being chased by another ghost. This ghost was the scariest ghost Scooby had ever seen. Scooby never liked Ghosts.

What is the main idea of the passage?

a)

Scooby-Doo is afraid of ghosts.

b)

Scooby-Doo does not like castles.

c)

Scooby-Doo does not like running.

27.

Scooby-Doo ran quickly through the haunted castle. Scooby was being chased by another ghost. This ghost was the scariest ghost Scooby had ever seen. Scooby never liked Ghosts.

What is a supporting detail in the passage?

a)

Scooby-Doo is lost in the castle.

b)

Scooby never liked Ghosts.

c)

Scooby is a good ghost hunter

28.

Amanda got her surfboard out of her truck. She always loved to be the first person on the beach in the morning. Amanda paddled out to the waves and caught her first ride of the day. She loves the calm of the ocean and the feeling of riding waves. Surfing has always been Amanda's favorite sport.

What is the main idea of the passage?

a)

Amanda likes to get up early.

b)

Amanda has a nice surf board.

c)

Amanda loves surfing.

29.

Amanda got her surfboard out of her truck. She always loved to be the first person on the beach in the morning. Amanda paddled out to the waves and caught her first ride of the day. She loves the calm of the ocean and the feeling of riding waves. Surfing has always been Amanda's favorite sport.

What is a supporting detail in the passage?

a)

Amanda likes to swim.

b)

Amanda enjoys sunbathing.

c)

She loves the calm of the ocean and the feeling of riding waves.

30.

Which of the following is an example of a topic?

a)

Bears are huge and scary

b)

Bears

c)

Some bears are brown

d)

Bears can be dangerous

31.

The broad thing the passage is mostly about is called the

a)

main idea

b)

topic

c)

plot

d)

key detail

32.

Once we find the topic, what should you ask yourself to figure out the main idea?

a)

What is the one word that tells what the passage is mostly about?

b)

What is the passage mostly about?

c)

Why is my teacher making me do this??

d)

What is the most important thing the author wants me to know?

33.

Descriptions of people, places and things that support the main idea are called

a)

subjects

b)

details

c)

paragraphs

d)

topics

34.

Ice cream is a popular dessert. It comes in many different flavors and can be eaten in a variety of ways. Some people like to put different toppings on their ice cream, such as sprinkles or chocolate dip. Vanilla and chocolate are two of the most popular flavors. However ice cream is eaten, it's always delicious!


What is the topic?

a)

ice cream

b)

ice cream is a popular dessert

c)

sprinkles

d)

flavors of ice cream

35.

Ice cream is a popular dessert. It comes in many different flavors and can be eaten in a variety of ways. Some people like to put different toppings on their ice cream, such as sprinkles or chocolate dip. Vanilla and chocolate are two of the most popular flavors. However ice cream is eaten, it's always delicious!


What is the main idea?

a)

ice cream

b)

about ice cream

c)

why people like ice cream

d)

Ice cream is a popular dessert.

36.

Reading is a great way to learn. There are millions of books to choose from on just about any topic you want to research. Reading can be for learning or just for pleasure. You can read from an actual book, or on an electronic device such as a computer or an e-Reader. Informational text is a great genre to read if you want to learn interesting facts about a subject.


What is the topic?

a)

fiction and nonfiction

b)

books

c)

reading

d)

reading is fun

37.

Reading is a great way to learn. There are millions of books to choose from on just about any topic you want to research. Reading can be for learning or just for pleasure. You can read from an actual book, or on an electronic device such as a computer or an e-Reader. Informational text is a great genre to read if you want to learn interesting facts about a subject.


What is the main idea?

a)

E-Readers are cool because you can download books any time you want.

b)

Epic is a great website for reading.

c)

Reading is a great way to learn.

d)

Information text teaches you facts.

38.

Reading is a great way to learn. There are millions of books to choose from on just about any topic you want to research. Reading can be for learning or just for pleasure. You can read from an actual book, or on an electronic device such as a computer or an e-Reader. Informational text is a great genre to read if you want to learn interesting facts about a subject.


What is the topic?

a)

fiction and nonfiction

b)

books

c)

reading

d)

reading is fun

39.
An author's purpose is...
a)
the reason an author writes
b)
the reason an author teaches
c)
author's sense of humor
d)
author's way of life. 
40.
The author is the ____________ of a story. 
a)
writer
b)
artist
c)
reader
d)
setting
41.
If you read a short, funny story, the purpose of the story is to _______________ you. 
a)
entertain 
b)
inform 
c)
persuade
d)
express feelings to 
42.
When you watch a documentary on TV about an event in history, such as WWII, the purpose of the documentary is to ___________________.
a)
entertain
b)
persuade
c)
inform 
d)
express feelings
43.
You see a movie trailer on TV. You then want to go see the movie. What has the movie trailer done effectively? 
a)
inform you
b)
entertain you
c)
persuade you
d)
express theor feelings to you
44.

If you read about...a giant cat trying to take over a city.

a)
b)
c)
d)
45.

If you read about...how fun it is to create origami paper designs.

a)
b)
c)
d)
46.

If you read about...tornadoes and hurricanes and the how they develop.

a)
b)
c)
d)
47.

If you read about...profiles of all former U.S. Presidents.

a)
b)
c)
d)
48.

If you read about...a wondrous little bear whose curiosity always gets him in trouble.

a)
b)
c)
d)
49.

If you read about...how important it is to the environment to recycle plastic bottles.

a)
b)
c)
d)
50.

If you read about...the monuments and museums at the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

a)
b)
c)
d)
51.

If you read about...why one candidate running for Nebraska governor is better than all the rest of the candidates.

a)
b)
c)
d)
52.

If you read about...a dog and some curious kids that like to solve mysteries.

a)
b)
c)
d)
53.

What does it mean when an author writes something to entertain?

a)

The author presents facts and important details to help you learn about a topic.

b)

The author uses a story, realistic or make believe, to tell you something.

c)

The author wants to tell you "how to" do something.

d)

The author tries to get you to change your mind, agree, or asks you to do something.

54.

What does it mean when an author writes something to persuade?

a)

The author presents facts and important details to help you learn about a topic.

b)

The author uses a story, realistic or make believe, to tell you something.

c)

The author wants to tell you "how to" do something.

d)

The author tries to get you to change your mind, agree, or asks you to do something.

55.

What does it mean when an author writes something to inform?

a)

The author presents facts and important details to help you learn about a topic.

b)

The author uses a story, realistic or make believe, to tell you something.

c)

The author wants to tell you "how to" do something.

d)

The author tries to get you to change your mind, agree, or asks you to do something.

56.

What does it mean when an author writes something to explain?

a)

The author presents facts and important details to help you learn about a topic.

b)

The author uses a story, realistic or make believe, to tell you something.

c)

The author wants to tell you "how to" do something.

d)

The author tries to get you to change your mind, agree, or asks you to do something.

57.
The author wants the reader to create a picture of a person, place or a thing by using their five senses
a)
inform
b)
describe
c)
persuade
d)
explain
58.
A paragraph telling you about how a piece of candy smells, looks, feels, sounds and tastes. 
a)
Describe
b)
Inform
c)
Entertain
d)
Explain 
59.
A recipe for cookies giving step by step instructions 
a)
Entertain
b)
Explain
c)
Describe
d)
Persuade
60.

What is the purpose of using the chronological organizational pattern in writing?

a)

To confuse the reader with a jumbled timeline

b)

To emphasize the most important events first

c)

To create a sense of suspense and mystery

d)

To present events or actions in the order in which they occurred

61.

What would be the best organizational pattern to use if talking about water pollution and ways to prevent it?

a)

Cause-Effect Organizational Pattern

b)

Compare-Contrast Organizational Pattern

c)

Narrative Organizational Pattern

d)

Problem-Solution Organizational Pattern

62.

What organizational pattern should an author use if he wanted to explain how Covid negatively impacted the lives of so many people?

a)

Cause and Effect

b)

Sequencel

c)

Advantage and Disadvantage

d)

Classification

63.

What type of organizational pattern is used in the passage?

a)

sequence

b)

cause/effect

c)

problem/solution

d)

compare/contrast

64.

What type of organizational pattern is used in the passage?

a)

sequence

b)

cause/effect

c)

problem/solution

d)

compare/contrast

65.

What type of organizational pattern is used in the passage?

a)

sequence

b)

cause/effect

c)

problem/solution

d)

compare/contrast

66.

What type of organizational pattern is used in the passage?

a)

sequence

b)

cause/effect

c)

problem/solution

d)

compare/contrast

67.

What type of organizational pattern is used in the passage?

a)

sequence

b)

cause/effect

c)

problem/solution

d)

compare/contrast

68.

What type of organizational pattern is used in the passage?

a)

sequence

b)

cause/effect

c)

problem/solution

d)

compare/contrast

69.

What type of organizational pattern is used in the passage?

a)

sequence

b)

cause/effect

c)

problem/solution

d)

compare/contrast

70.

What type of organizational pattern is used in the passage?

a)

sequence

b)

cause/effect

c)

problem/solution

d)

compare/contrast

71.

What type of organizational pattern is used in the passage?

a)

sequence

b)

cause/effect

c)

problem/solution

d)

compare/contrast

72.

First, take the freeway to Dorman. When you reach Dorman, take the Ronaldine Exit. As you exit, take an immediate right onto Big Sur. Go down two blocks. Then, take a right on Coleman. My house, #3097, will be on the left.What is this passage's organizational structure?

a)

problem and solution

b)

sequence

c)

compare and contrast

d)

cause and effect

73.

Josephina has to describe a square and a triangle. Her teacher told her to write a paragraph about how the two shapes are alike and how they are different. What form should the paragraph take?

a)

description

b)

sequence

c)

cause and effect

d)

compare and contrast

74.
This is an example of ____________ text feature? 
a)
Index
b)
Table of contents
c)
Glossary
d)
Diagram
75.
What is another name for "organizational pattern"?
a)
sequence of events
b)
text structure
c)
rising action
d)
denouement
76.
Why are organizational patterns important to know?
a)
They help readers read a text quicker.
b)
They help readers determine the rising action in a story.
c)
They help readers understand the turning point in a story.
d)
They help readers understand the main idea and author's viewpoint.
77.
What kind of text structure is description?
a)
a text that gives details about, or explains, something
b)
a text that shows the similarities and differences between two things
c)
a persuasive text
d)
the language of poets
78.
What is problem and solution?
a)
a text that presents an issue and a way to fix it
b)
a text that compares and contrasts two different things
c)
a text that describes or explains something
d)
a text written in chronological order
79.
What is compare and contrast?
a)
a text that presents a problem and a way to fix it
b)
a persuasive text
c)
a text that explains how two things are alike and different
d)
a text that describes something
80.
What is cause and effect?
a)
a text that presents an issue and a way to fix it
b)
a text that explains what happened and why
c)
an expository text
d)
a persuasive text
81.
Which of the following set of key words apply to a text written in compare and contrast?
a)
similar, alike, in comparison to, on the other hand
b)
characteristics include, for example, for instance
c)
since, because, if, due to
d)
because of, leads to, solve
82.
Which of the following key words apply to a text written in the organizational pattern of description?
a)
in the beginning
b)
for example
c)
consequently
d)
alike
83.
Which type of text structure answers the questions what happened and why?
a)
sequence of events
b)
cause & effect
c)
chronological order
d)
compare & contrast
84.
Choose the clue words that indicate chronological order, or sequence of events.
a)
first, next, finally, 8:30, after
b)
cause, effect, as a result of, because
c)
problem, solution, promise, struggle
d)
compare, contrast, similar, different
85.
You write a letter to the newspaper about how there aren't enough fun things to do in Winchester.  In your letter, you suggest building an indoor trampoline park. Which pattern would best represent your letter?
a)
problem & solution
b)
sequence of events
c)
compare & contrast
d)
description
86.

____________ help the readers make sense of what they are reading.

a)

Text features

b)

Plagiarism

c)

Vocabulary

d)

Text citations

87.

 

________________ tell you what the book, chapter, or article is called.

a)

Illustrations

b)

Headings

c)

Author

d)

Captions

88.

__________ gives you more information about an image or photograph.

a)

Headings

b)

Subheadings

c)

Captions

89.

This image is an example of a(n)...

a)

Table

b)

Illustration

c)

Graph

d)

Chart

90.

This image is an example of a(n):

a)

Heading

b)

Subheading

c)

Illustration/Photograph

d)

Caption

91.

Bold and Italicized words are similar because they both...

a)

tell what words can be found in the glossary

b)

can be defined in the footnote

c)

tell what words are in another language

d)

emphasize words that are important

92.

 

An author would use the following diagram in order to...

a)

compare and contrast a shark fin to a dolphin fin

b)

explain how shark fins look

c)

explain how dolphin fins look

d)

show which type of fin is better for cutting the water

93.

An author would use this diagram to

a)

Compare and contrast adult brain with a child's brain

b)

Explain how the Occipital lobe is the biggest part of the brain

c)

Identify the parts and areas within a human brain

d)

Show the reader where the brain is located within the human body

94.

If the reader wants to look up information on a specific topic, like Hammerhead Sharks, they would look in the...

a)

Index

b)

Glossary

c)

Table of Contents

d)

Headings

95.

The ______ tells the reader the names of each chapter and what page the chapter begins.

a)

Bold & Italicized words

b)

Caption

c)

Table of Contents

d)

Index

96.

 

A _____ tells the reader specific information in relation to a photograph or illustration within a text

a)

Bold & Italicized words

b)

Caption

c)

Glossary

d)

Subheading

97.

The _____ divides a text into sections and explains what each section will be about.

a)

Subheading

b)

Heading

c)

Illustration

d)

Table of Contents

98.

The ____ tells the definitions of specific words related to the text.

a)

Index

b)

Glossary

c)

Table of Contents

99.

What text feature is this?

a)

Chart

b)

Diagram

100.

 

An index is....

a)

A text feature in the middle of the book that gives you information

b)

A text feature in the front of the book that tells you where to find content

c)

A text feature in the back of the book that includes definitions

d)

A text feature in the back of the book that tells you where to find information on a particular topic

101.

Juan knows that Italy will be described on pages 22-30 of his Italian food cookbook. To figure this out, he looked for "Italy" in the:

a)

Glossary

b)

Heading

c)

Index

d)

Diagram

102.

 

What is this text feature called?

a)

Glossary

b)

Index

103.

 

What is this text feature?

a)

Heading

b)

Caption

c)

Glossary

104.

Words or phrases that divide the text into smaller parts is which text feature?

a)

Caption

b)

Subheading

c)

Heading

d)

Title

105.

 

Juan is writing a report on lions. He finds a book titled “Animals of Africa” He opens to Chapter 2 on page 12 and reads the word “Lions Rule” in large letters. Further down on the page, he reads the words "Women's Work” and "Lions' Playschool" in smaller letters. Page 12 of Juan’s book ________.

a)

had no text features

b)

had the table of contents only

c)

had a heading and subheading

d)

had a diagram but no other text features

106.

If a word is in bold, italics or underlined, it might be _______

a)

a less important detail

b)

information you should skip

c)

a new term to learn or important

d)

spelled incorrectly

107.

How can you identify the main idea of a text?

a)

Read the text backwards

b)

Guess the main idea based on the length of the text

c)

Ask someone else to identify the main idea

d)

Analyze the title, headings, topic sentences, and key supporting details throughout the text.

108.

Why is it important to identify the main idea of a text?

a)

To understand the overall message or purpose of the text.

b)

To overlook important details

c)

To confuse the reader

d)

To waste time and effort

109.

What are supporting details in a text?

a)

General statements that are unrelated to the main idea.

b)

Opinions or personal beliefs that are not backed by evidence.

c)

Irrelevant information that does not contribute to the main idea.

d)


Ideas or facts about the main idea

110.

Alex’s grandpa lives in a big city, on the 18th floor of an apartment building. From his grandpa’s windows, Alex can see the whole city. Alex used to be afraid to look out the windows, because they were up so high. But his grandpa would sit with Alex, and point out all the interesting things in the city. Now Alex likes to look out his grandpa’s windows. He can see the library, and the train station, and the park. He feels very grown up.

What is the story mostly about?

a)

the 18th floor of an apartment building

b)

Alex takes a train ride

c)

Alex rides the elevator

d)

Alex and his grandpa’s windows

111.

Luca’s grandpa lives on a farm. His grandpa has a big garden, and many animals. When Luca was little, he was afraid of the chickens. When he helped his grandpa feed the chickens, the chickens chased him, crying, “Cluck, cluck, cluck!” But his grandpa showed him how to shoo the chickens away with his hand, saying, “Shoo chicks, shoo chicks!” Luca still doesn’t like the chickens much, but he isn’t afraid of them now. He feels very grown up.

What is the story mostly about?

a)

Grandpa’s garden

b)

Luca and the chickens

c)

Luca’s favorite animal

d)

cows

112.

How do supporting details help to understand the main idea?

a)

Supporting details provide irrelevant information that distracts from the main idea.

b)

Supporting details contradict the main idea.

c)

Supporting details are unnecessary and do not contribute to understanding the main idea.

d)

Supporting details provide evidence, examples, and explanations that help to clarify and strengthen the main idea.

113.

What is the purpose of including supporting details in a text?

a)

To confuse the reader

b)

To distract from the main idea

c)

To make the text longer

d)

To provide evidence, examples, and explanations that support the main idea or thesis statement.

114.

The movie Apollo 13 was a blockbuster for the summer of 1995. It is an exciting story about space exploration. In the movie, the astronauts get in trouble while they are trying to return to Earth. People in the audience are on the edge of their seats waiting to see what happens. What makes it even more exciting is that it is a true story. 

What is the main idea?

a)

the main idea is that is a true story

b)

the main idea is that everyone wants to know what is going to happen

c)
  • the main idea is in the first sentence: Apollo 13 was a blockbuster for the summer of 1995

d)

the main idea is that the story is exciting

115.

Do the supporting details help understand better the main idea?

a)

Sometimes

b)

Yes

c)

No

116.

Summer is a wonderful time to spend at West Beach. It is a beach with light- colored, soft sand. The coastline goes on for a long way and many people enjoy walking along it. Children like to play in the surf and walk along the rocks that are visible at low tide. This is a fun beach for people of all ages. 

What is the main idea?

a)

the main idea is that the sun is very bright

b)
  • the main idea is that summer is a wonderful time at West Beach

c)

the main idea is that babies love the beach

d)

the main idea is that the sand is soft

117.

What strategies can be used to find supporting details in a text?

a)

Ignore any evidence or examples provided in the text

b)

Guess the supporting details based on the title of the text

c)

Look for specific examples, facts, statistics, quotes, or evidence that support the main idea or argument of the text.

d)

Read the text quickly without paying attention to details

118.

How can identifying the main idea and supporting details improve reading comprehension?

a)

By helping readers identify the author's purpose in writing the text.

b)

By improving vocabulary and language skills.

c)

By providing a summary of the text's plot or storyline.

d)

By providing a clear understanding of the central theme or message of a text.