compares our mind to a computer in a series of 3 stages

the process of putting information into the memory system

we process an enormous effort amount information effortlessly at once where you don’t think about it, such as the following: space, time, frequency

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. You must purposely try to remember

The creation of a permanent record of the encoded information “Retain the information

The calling back of stored information on demand when it is needed “Get the information back out”

Being able to access the information without being cued

Identifying information after experiencing it again

Reconstructing memory

How long and how well we remember information

depends on how deeply we process the information when it is encoded

Encoding on a basic level based on the structure of appearance

Occurs when we attach meaning to information and create associations between the new memory and existing memories

Three different memory systems characterized by time frames

External events from our senses are held just long enough to be perceived

sensory input to the visual system goes into iconic memory. duration of less than a second

The branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system

the branch of sensory memory used by the sense of touch

the information we are currently aware of or thinking about

all the memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few seconds

System in your brain that allows you to temporarily retain and manipulate the stored information involved in a complex process

number of items a person can remember and repeat back using attention and short term memory

Process of taking individual pieces of information (chunks) and grouping them into larger units

Straight repeating of information in order to memorize it to prolong its presence in STM , can increase the length of time information can be stored to about thirty seconds

Information that you have to consciously work to remember

Long term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.

these are memories of fact, concepts, names and other general knowledge

information that you remember unconsciously or effortlessly

A person has visual images clear enough to be retained for seconds and realistic in their vividness

Process where our brains convert short-term memories into long-term ones

Strengthening of a synaptic connection that happens when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires ad excites another neuron

Storage Decay, Hermann Ebbinghaus:

First to conduct experimental studies on memories by using himself as a subject

the exceptional loss of information shortly after learning it

Over time, our memories biologically degenerate

Occurs when a person experiences the full or partial loss of memory, injury or trauma can create problems with various brain functions

Cannot remember things that happened before the event that caused their amnesia

Condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia-inducing event

When we ry to retrieve a long list of words we usually recall the last words and first words best, forgetting the words in the middle

Some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories, forgetting in long-term memory

Older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories

Vivid and detailed memories that people create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events

Approach to understanding memory as a cognitive process and the errors that occur within

False memories that a person believes to be true

The inability to remember the source of a memory while retaining its substance (deja vu)

Extensive research on memory construction and false memories and how memory is changeable, it is not always accurate

In order for information to move from your short-term memory into your long-term memory, you need to actively attend to this information

Many people benefit greatly from visualizing the information they study

Encoding strategies used to organize and/or chunk to be learned material, in order to make it more meaningful and easier to remember

are created by combining the first letters of to-be-learned words into a new word (or word-like) unit

involves using the first letters of a list of to-be-learned items to create a meaningful and/or odd sentence

involve making a phonetic link connecting a to-be-learned word with a similar-sounding keyword, and then making an interactive image that links the keyword to the meaning of the to-be-learned word

Learners identify a keyword that is acoustically similar to the name of a person they are trying to remember

Learners create a song, rhyme, or story that organizes and/or describes the to-be-learned material

Mnemonic technique for memorizing lists, An object or image is visualized which holds or 'pegs' the information that needs to be recalled and makes it easier to remember

Association of words on a list with visualization of places on a familiar path

Reminders associated with information we are trying to get out of memory, aid us in remembering

Easier Recall of information while in the same

“context” of environment in which it was acquired