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A musical structure where a sings or plays a phrase, and a group or instrument answers. This is common in African, gospel, blues, jazz, and Latin music.

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A repeated rhythmic feel or pattern that makes music feel compelling and danceable. Common in funk, jazz, hip-hop, and Latin music.

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The process of creating music spontaneously, without a fixed score. Musicians make up melodies, harmonies, or rhythms on the spot. This is essential in jazz, blues, rock, and world music.

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A repeated rhythmic pattern that continues throughout a piece or section of music. This is common in African drumming, Indian classical music, and minimalist compositions.

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A short, repeating musical pattern in melody, harmony, or rhythm. It provides a foundation for a piece and is common in Baroque music, minimalism, film scores, and African/Latin music.

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The simultaneous use of two or more contrasting rhythms. For example, playing triplets against straight eighth notes. This is a key feature in West African drumming, jazz, and Latin American music.

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A composer, musician or dancer specializing in Samba, a Brazilian music and dance style with strong rhythmic drive and African influences.