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Ôn Tập Môn PPNCKH

Total questions: 120

Worksheet time: 2hrs 30mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Science is a system of knowledge about:

a)

Thinking, nature, society

b)

Nature

c)

Society, nature

d)

Human, thinking, nature

2.

What kind of knowledge does a mechanic who has worked for 30 years possess?

a)

Common knowledge

b)

Scientific knowledge

c)

Scientific knowledge and common knowledge

d)

Not knowledge

3.

Experience is what kind of knowledge?

a)

Common knowledge

b)

Scientific knowledge

c)

Scientific knowledge and common knowledge

d)

Not knowledge

4.

How many fields has UNESCO classified science into?

a)

5

b)

2

c)

3

d)

7

5.

From the perspective of the knowledge accumulation process, science is:

a)

A system of knowledge about the objective world.

b)

A form of social consciousness.

c)

A process of cognitive development.

d)

A process of accumulating human knowledge.

6.

Which field is not included in UNESCO's classification of science?

a)

Education science.

b)

Agricultural science.

c)

Health science.

d)

Natural science and exact science.

7.

The nature of the classification of science is:

a)

Arranging scientific fields according to a hierarchical system based on their unique characteristics.

b)

Clearly defining each scientific field.

c)

Grouping fields with similar research methods.

d)

Grouping fields with similar research subjects.

8.

The thinking process is carried out in the forms of:

a)

Concepts, reasoning, judgment.

b)

Reasoning, judgment.

c)

Description, concepts, reasoning, judgment.

d)

Cognition, reasoning, judgment.

9.

How many stages has science gone through in its development?

a)

6

b)

5

c)

8

d)

9

10.

Who established

4 lines
11.

How many stages does science go through?

a)

6

b)

5

c)

8

d)

9

12.

Who was the first to lay the foundation for science?

a)

Aristotle

b)

G.Galilee

c)

I.Newton

d)

N.Copernicus

13.

In which stage of scientific development did Ptolemy's geocentric theory arise?

a)

15th – 17th century

b)

Middle Ages

c)

18th – 19th century

d)

Ancient times

14.

Today, the division of science into over 2000 disciplines is evidence of which law of scientific development?

a)

Law of differentiated development of science

b)

Law of accelerated development of all fields of science

c)

Law of integration of scientific fields

d)

Law of rapid application of scientific achievements

15.

The continuous improvement of product design and quality is evidence of which law of scientific development?

a)

Law of rapid application of scientific achievements

b)

Law of accelerated development of all fields of science

c)

Law of differentiated development of science

d)

Law of integration of scientific fields

16.

In the late 20th century, half of the knowledge about technology became outdated within 5 years. This is evidence of which law of scientific development?

a)

Law of accelerated development of all fields of science

b)

Law of differentiated development of science

c)

Law of integration of scientific fields

d)

Law of rapid application of scientific achievements

17.

From the Renaissance, starting with natural sciences and then social sciences separating from philosophy and becoming independent scientific disciplines reflects which law of scientific development?

a)

Law of accelerated development of all fields of science

b)

Law of differentiated development of science

18.

What law of scientific development is represented?

a)

The law of accelerated development in all fields of science.

b)

The law of differentiation in science.

c)

The law of integration of scientific fields.

d)

The law of rapid application of scientific achievements.

19.

Why does scientific description stop at the level of practical cognition and experience?

a)

Description has not reached the level of establishing lawful relationships, the internal nature of the object.

b)

Description only gives us an image of reality.

c)

Description is only qualitative.

d)

Description has not explained the causes of phenomena.

20.

In all cases, the product of scientific research is

a)

Information.

b)

Material wealth.

c)

Cultural and artistic values.

d)

Spiritual values.

21.

Professor Ton That Tung's conclusion: 'The cause of acute pancreatitis in Indochina is due to the worm' is the result of research at what level?

a)

Discovery level.

b)

Description level.

c)

Explanation level.

d)

Cognitive level.

22.

What is physics?

a)

Basic science, applied science, and natural science.

b)

Natural science, basic science, and social science.

c)

Natural science, applied science, and social science.

d)

Basic science, applied science, and social science.

23.

What type of research does Newton's law of universal gravitation belong to?

a)

Basic research.

b)

Applied research.

c)

Development research.

d)

Forecast research.

24.

How many years does level 3 forecast research predict?

a)

40-50 years.

b)

15-20 years.

c)

Forecast for 1 century.

d)

50-65 years.

25.

Based on what type of basis to classify into types of scientific research?

a)

Research objectives and products obtained.

b)

Research purpose and research object.

c)

Object.

26.

Based on which type of basis to classify into types of scientific research?

a)

Research objectives and products obtained.

b)

Purpose of research and research subjects.

c)

Subjects and products obtained.

d)

Level of research and knowledge value.

27.

The principle of scientific classification that states 'Knowledge that comes later is derived from knowledge that comes before and encompasses knowledge that comes before as an essential factor' is called?

a)

The principle of dependence.

b)

The principle of coordination.

c)

The principle of objectivity.

d)

The principle of inclusion.

28.

In which period of scientific development did influential scientists like N. Copernicus, G. Galile, and I. Newton emerge?

a)

15th - 17th century (Renaissance period)

b)

Middle Ages

c)

18th - 19th century

d)

20th - 21st century

29.

Which stage in the development process had a strong impact on the development of society, especially the industrialization process on a global scale?

a)

15th - 17th century (Renaissance period)

b)

18th - 19th century

c)

19th - 20th century

d)

20th - 21st century

30.

What changes in criteria in production reflect the law of rapid application of scientific achievements in production?

a)

Shortening the time for technological innovation.

b)

Improving product quality.

c)

Products have intersections between many scientific fields.

d)

The skill level of the workforce meets high standards.

31.

Which of the following statements about technology transfer is incorrect?

a)

Technology transfer is the transfer of technical equipment and knowledge about the production process.

b)

Technology transfer is the meeting between science and the market.

c)

Technology transfer is the transfer of intellectual property rights.

d)

Technology transfer is the transfer of technical equipment, knowledge about the production process, and management experience.

32.

Which content is incorrect when comparing the characteristics of science and technology?

a)

Scientific research products are defined in advance, technology products are market-oriented.

b)

The scientific research process is probabilistic, while the technology management process is deterministic.

c)

Scientific inventions exist forever, while technological inventions exist or perish according to the history of technical progress.

d)

Scientific research products are characterized by information, while technology products are characterized according to input.

33.

Which statement belongs to the basic content of scientific research?

a)

Discovering the laws of movement of the objective world (nature, society, and humans).

b)

It is the process of seeking and building a research team that meets the requirements of each stage of development.

c)

Searching for funding sources to meet the requirements for implementing research topics.

d)

Building new scientific theoretical bases, rejecting old theories that are no longer appropriate.

34.

Which content is incorrect about common knowledge?

a)

It is a system of generalized knowledge about the phenomena of the world and the laws of their movement.

b)

It is used, exchanged, and communicated by humans, and is supplemented and improved every day.

c)

It is created from simple induction, without a theoretical model.

d)

It has not pointed out the essence, has not discovered the laws of phenomena, and has not formed a solid system.

35.

Research activities include the factors:

4 lines
36.

Research activities include the following factors:

a)

Research subject; Research purpose; Research method; Research product; Scientific value of research results.

b)

Research subject; Research method; Research scope; Researcher; Research time.

c)

Research object; Research scope; Research method; Research results.

d)

Research purpose; Research objective; Research object; Research time; Research scope.

37.

The term 'concept' is:

a)

A form of thinking, a thought reflecting the common attributes, essence of a class of objects, is the process of cognition or thinking of humans starting from perceptions or by observing real objects affecting the senses.

b)

A form of thinking, a thought reflecting the common attributes, essence of a class of objects, is a collection of objects with the attributes stated in the concept's internal meaning, aimed at answering the question 'what objects are there?'.

c)

The process of cognition or thinking of humans starting from perceptions or by observing real objects affecting the senses, is a collection of common attributes, essence (basic) of a class of objects aimed at answering the question 'what is that concept?'.

d)

A process of exploring the nature of phenomena to discover new knowledge, creating solutions to affect the object, transforming it according to the intended use.

38.

The determination of the topic can be considered based on which of the following bases:

a)

Personal viewpoint

b)

Free time

c)

Needs of others

d)

Whether the topic has scientific significance or not

39.

Analyzing the historical context of the research problem belongs to which part of the research outline?

a)

Reason for choosing the topic.

b)

Research objectives.

c)

Object

40.

Analyze the history of the research problem belongs to which part of the research outline?

a)

Reason for choosing the topic.

b)

Research objectives.

c)

Research subjects.

d)

Research methods.

41.

Which part of the research outline answers the question 'What is the research topic?'

a)

Research subjects.

b)

Reason for choosing the topic.

c)

Research objectives.

d)

Research methods.

42.

What are the characteristics to evaluate a good topic?

a)

It is new and unique.

b)

It has a limited scope and addresses the problem relatively completely.

c)

It is presented in a research result report.

d)

It includes all of the above characteristics.

43.

How many basic parts does a detailed outline of a topic consist of?

a)

6

b)

7

c)

8

d)

9

44.

When establishing objectives according to the SMART model, what does the letter S mean?

a)

Supportive

b)

Specific

c)

Strong

d)

Safe

45.

The subject of specific science is

a)

The objective world in motion and the method of perceiving that objective world.

b)

The objective world in motion and development.

c)

The way to impact nature to produce products for humans.

d)

Nature and society.

46.

Which statement below is NOT a standard of a research topic?

a)

It has a theoretical and scientific basis.

b)

The established objective is a new contribution to knowledge.

c)

It is expressed clearly and specifically about the relationship between factors.

d)

It has historical and practical significance.

47.

Direct citation is a citation

a)

Fully a point of view.

b)

A part of the content.

c)

Completely a concept.

d)

Fully complete about a content.

48.

According to Vu Cao Dam, how many steps does the research process of a scientific topic consist of?

a)

4

b)

5

c)

6

d)

7

49.

What does the standard of 'objective' evaluation of the research outline mean?

4 lines
50.

According to Vu Cao Dam, how many steps does the research process of a scientific topic consist of?

a)

4

b)

5

c)

6

d)

7

51.

What does the standard for evaluating a research outline 'objective' mean?

a)

Ensures that the outline does not overlap with previous studies.

b)

Ensures that the outline is written using precise and persuasive language.

c)

Ensures that the outline is not influenced by the author's personal views, avoiding assumptions, and avoiding unsubstantiated statements.

d)

Ensures that the outline is organized and presented logically and clearly.

52.

Which of the following pages in a thesis are numbered with lowercase Roman numerals?

a)

Title pages, prefaces, acknowledgments, table of contents, list of tables and figures

b)

Cover page, table of contents, tables, prefaces, acknowledgments, introductions

c)

Inside cover page, table of contents, tables, prefaces, acknowledgments, introductions

d)

All cover pages, table of contents, tables, prefaces, acknowledgments, introductions

53.

What are the criteria for a proposed topic to develop into a research project?

a)

The topic and research idea are based on personal experience regarding practical issues reported in the media.

b)

The research topic has theoretical and scientific foundations about an unknown issue that needs to be known and is feasible.

c)

The research topic clearly expresses the research objectives.

d)

The research topic is feasible.

54.

Which of the following statements is a criterion for a research topic?

a)

Has theoretical and scientific foundations.

b)

The established objective is a new contribution to knowledge.

c)

Is clearly and specifically expressed regarding the relationship between factors.

d)

Includes the above statements.

55.

Choose the correct statement.

a)

Cited documents do not need to be included in the reference list.

b)

To avoid waste and create space in the text, the writer should report.

56.

Choose the correct statement.

a)

Citations do not need to be included in the reference list.

b)

To avoid waste and create space in the text, the author of a research report or thesis should place the title of a thesis at the end of the page and the content corresponding to this title should start on the next page.

c)

When writing scientific reports, theses, or scientific articles, it is necessary to use both tables and illustrative diagrams for the same issue to clarify the content that needs to be written.

d)

If abbreviations appear in the thesis, the author must provide a list of abbreviations.

57.

Choose the incorrect statement.

a)

Cited documents in a literature review should only be in Vietnamese.

b)

Information about academic titles, degrees, and social status is not recorded in the citation content.

c)

The way citations are recorded must be consistent throughout the document.

d)

The principle of citing reference materials is to only cite materials that have been read.

58.

The value of a scientific article is expressed:

a)

When there is a reasonable conclusion based on the data and results obtained.

b)

By the recognition that further research is needed.

c)

When the author confirms that additional complete research is necessary.

d)

When the article is published in a popular journal.

59.

Is the international standard number ISSN assigned to a periodic publication or a book?

a)

The international standard number for periodic publications.

b)

The international standard number for a published book.

c)

The international standard number for a doctoral thesis.

d)

The international standard number for a scientific article.

60.

The novelty in a scientific research project is:

a)

The most important attribute of scientific research.

b)

An essential attribute of scientific research.

c)

A regulatory attribute of scientific research.

d)

A mandatory attribute.

61.

What is the most important attribute of scientific research?

a)

The most important attribute of scientific research

b)

An essential attribute of scientific research

c)

A regulatory attribute of scientific research

d)

A mandatory attribute of scientific research

62.

What is the H-index of a scientist?

a)

An index measuring both productivity (quantity) and citation impact of the scientist's publications.

b)

An index measuring productivity (quantity) of the scientist's publications.

c)

An index measuring citation impact of the scientist's publications.

d)

An index measuring citation impact of publications in the ISI category of the scientist.

63.

Which field does the AHCI (Arts & Humanities Citation Index) belong to?

a)

Natural sciences

b)

Social sciences

c)

Arts and humanities

d)

Natural sciences and social sciences

64.

What categories has the ISI journal system grouped journals into?

a)

Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) and Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

b)

Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

c)

Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI) and Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

d)

Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts & Humanities Citation Index

65.

The process of building scientific arguments starts from?

a)

Observing and capturing scientific events.

b)

Detecting contradictions in scientific papers.

c)

Self-formulating appropriate hypotheses.

d)

Proposing scientific hypotheses.

66.

Choosing literature for a research overview is?

a)

Synthesizing previous research results related to the research issue

b)

Identifying errors to recommend changes in research.

c)

Analyzing and evaluating research results of another issue

d)

Listing previous related research results

67.

Which attribute is not?

4 lines
68.

Which attribute is not a property of a scientific hypothesis?

a)

Accuracy

b)

Variability

c)

Assumption

d)

Multidimensionality

69.

In research, which part do the data evidence belong to in the structure of a proof?

a)

Argument

b)

Evidence

c)

Method

d)

Point

70.

The sequence of steps in the deductive process includes:

4 lines
71.

A research hypothesis must meet the following requirements, excluding?

4 lines
72.

The sample size in quantitative analysis:

4 lines
73.

The method of sampling so that each unit has an equal probability of being selected is:

a)

Random sampling

b)

Systematic sampling

c)

Stratified sampling

d)

Cluster sampling

74.

The surveyor surveys houses numbered: 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38, .... This is a method of sampling:

a)

Systematic sampling

b)

Random sampling

75.

The surveyor surveys houses numbered: 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38, .... This is a sampling method.

a)

Systematic sampling.

b)

Random sampling.

c)

Stratified sampling.

d)

Cluster sampling.

76.

How can we minimize the negative impacts of Covid 19 on the business activities of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam? This is:

a)

A management question to address existing issues.

b)

A research question.

c)

Research objectives.

d)

A measurement question.

77.

Using literature reviews on the same research topic will help:

a)

Completely change the research results.

b)

Enhance the overview capability and save researchers' time.

c)

Reduce the conclusions of the research.

d)

None of the above statements are reasonable.

78.

An author writes: "Caves (1971) explains the motives of FDI investment in horizontal and vertical dimensions. Horizontal FDI is an investment aimed at seeking markets. Vertical FDI is an investment aimed at seeking resources." What does the above passage refer to in research?

a)

Research overview.

b)

Research overview and conceptual framework.

c)

Research methodology.

d)

Research question.

79.

Choose the incorrect statement.

a)

The fixed analysis framework is often used in qualitative research.

b)

The analysis framework visualizes all relationships of research variables by their nature and order.

c)

The fixed analysis framework is often applied in quantitative research, through testing or proving or disproving statistical hypotheses.

d)

The fixed analysis framework is often applied in quantitative research, through testing or proving or disproving statistical hypotheses.

80.

The most important function of the scientific observation method is

4 lines
81.

What is the most important function of the scientific observation method?

a)

Collecting practical information

b)

Verifying existing hypotheses

c)

Verifying existing theories

d)

Comparing theoretical research results with practice

82.

Which of the following is not included in scientific research methods?

a)

Method of recognizing scientific events.

b)

Methodology.

c)

Systematic method.

d)

Specific research method.

83.

The operation of finding the process of formation and development of an object belongs to which method?

a)

Historical method.

b)

Theoretical analysis and synthesis method.

c)

Classification and systematization method.

d)

Hypothesis method.

84.

How is the scientific research method understood in terms of information?

a)

It is the way, path, and means of collecting and processing information.

b)

It is the way to prove points from existing information.

c)

It is an activity with a subject, using operations to explore the object.

d)

It is the path of scientific research.

85.

The method of constructing similar to the research object is?

a)

Modeling method.

b)

Experiment method.

c)

Expert method.

d)

Observation method.

86.

What is the basic limitation of the observation method?

a)

All observations are performed by humans.

b)

Equipment may be outdated.

c)

Modern equipment is too difficult to use.

d)

Matter is always in motion and development.

87.

Please express your opinion about our country's education. ............................

a)

Open question.

b)

Closed question.

c)

Combined question.

d)

Quantitative question.

88.

Choose the correct statement:

4 lines
89.

Choose the correct statement:

a)

The closed questionnaire is a form where the investigator presents questions along with answer options.

b)

There are 2 types of questionnaires: closed and open.

c)

The investigation method using questionnaires can only be conducted in a narrow scope.

d)

The open questionnaire is a type of question where the respondent selects one or more appropriate options from the available options.

90.

What is the operation of researching documents and arranging them into a logical system?

a)

Classification and systematization theory method.

b)

Analytical synthesis theory method.

c)

Hypothesis method.

d)

Historical method.

91.

Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding in-depth interviews?

a)

It is necessary to ask for permission and obtain consent when using recording devices during the interview.

b)

One should not guide the respondent's answers.

c)

The order of the prepared questions should not be changed.

d)

Questions should be open-ended.

92.

Based on what criteria are general methods divided into methods such as analysis, synthesis, induction, interpretation, logic, history, system-structure, ...?

a)

The specificity level of the method.

b)

Characteristics of the thinking process.

c)

Supporting tools of the method.

d)

The purpose of the method.

93.

Choose the incorrect statement:

a)

The theoretical framework is the process of conducting research.

b)

Building a theoretical framework is the step of applying concepts, definitions, theories, and viewpoints to explain the research problem.

c)

One role of the conceptual framework is to help form ideas about research design.

d)

The conceptual framework is built on the basis of the theoretical framework.

94.

Choose the incorrect statement:

4 lines
95.

Choose the incorrect statement.

a)

The literature review is the listing of previous research results in a specific order.

b)

The purpose of the deductive method is to reach a conclusion, but the conclusion does not necessarily follow the given reasons.

c)

Changing research methods can improve or enhance the interpretative capacity for research.

d)

Research design is the determination of the necessary evidence and the method of collecting evidence to answer the research question most convincingly.

96.

The process of correcting data due to recording errors is the process of

a)

Data adjustment.

b)

Data processing.

c)

Data verification.

d)

Data encoding.

97.

The structure of the interview question set must be arranged

a)

From short to long

b)

From complex to simple, in a logical order

c)

Arbitrarily, without logic

d)

From simple to complex, in a logical order

98.

In research methodology, what is an independent variable?

a)

The variable that the researcher changes to observe changes in the dependent variable.

b)

The variable whose value is affected by other variables.

c)

The variable that cannot be measured.

d)

The variable unrelated to the research objective.

99.

Which research form often uses a questionnaire as a data collection tool?

a)

Survey research

b)

Case study

c)

Action research

d)

Exemplary research

100.

Which research focuses on analyzing the relationship between variables to draw accurate conclusions?

a)

Descriptive research

b)

Quantitative research

c)

Qualitative research

d)

Experimental research

101.

In linear regression analysis, the regression coefficient

4 lines
102.

What is the relationship between variables to draw accurate conclusions?

a)

Descriptive research

b)

Quantitative research

c)

Qualitative research

d)

Experimental research

103.

In linear regression analysis, what does the regression coefficient (β) indicate?

a)

The relationship between independent and dependent variables

b)

The strength of the relationship between two variables

c)

The predicted value of the dependent variable

d)

The reliability of the regression model

104.

Which analysis method is most suitable for testing the relationship between multiple independent variables and one dependent variable?

a)

Multivariate regression analysis

b)

Analysis of variance

c)

Chi-square test

d)

T-test

105.

To ensure the accuracy of the research, what should the researcher do?

a)

Select a random research sample

b)

Use uncontrolled variables

c)

Continuously change independent variables

d)

Provide unclear hypotheses

106.

Qualitative variables are used to:

a)

Measure and analyze data

b)

Describe characteristics that cannot be measured numerically

c)

Conduct experiments in a controlled environment

d)

Analyze statistical data

107.

To analyze the relationship between variables, what should the researcher use?

a)

Statistical methods

b)

Interview methods

c)

Observation methods

d)

Case study methods

108.

Which method helps determine the relationship between continuous variables in research?

a)

Linear regression analysis

b)

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

c)

Logistic regression analysis

d)

Factor analysis

109.

What is a disadvantage of closed questions?

a)

Answers may not align with the respondent's intent and important information may be missed

b)

Time-consuming to analyze

c)

Closed questions may not be relevant to the interview content

d)

Requires the question builder to have experience

110.

What is the sample size in qualitative analysis?

4 lines
111.

Does the closed question contain content that is not suitable for the interview?

a)

Requires the question builder to have experience

b)

Is not applicable

c)

Is suitable

d)

Is unclear

112.

What is the sample size in qualitative analysis?

a)

Usually small, as long as the collected information reaches saturation

b)

The larger, the better

c)

Not too many are needed

d)

Must be large enough to perform correlation and regression analysis

113.

Collecting data through conducting a questionnaire survey is an activity of:

a)

Collecting quantitative data

b)

Collecting qualitative data combined with quantitative data

c)

Collecting primary data combined with secondary data

d)

Collecting qualitative data

114.

The subjects are divided into many groups, each group has a homogeneous characteristic. This is a technique of:

a)

Stratified sampling

b)

Random sampling

c)

Systematic sampling

d)

Cluster sampling

115.

The subjects are divided into many groups but each group does not have a homogeneous characteristic. This is a technique of:

a)

Cluster sampling

b)

Random sampling

c)

Systematic sampling

d)

Stratified sampling

116.

Choose the correct statement:

a)

The results of qualitative data analysis are presented in the form of mathematical models

b)

Data collected from surveys through questionnaires is qualitative data

c)

Secondary data can be raw data collected by the researcher from the first source.

d)

Checking raw data (the responses in all survey forms) is an important step before entering data to perform subsequent analysis steps.

117.

Which content is used in qualitative data analysis?

a)

Regression analysis

b)

Correlation analysis and group comparison.

c)

Describing, classifying phenomena and connecting data

d)

Reliability analysis of the measurement scale

118.

Quantitative data analysis is:

a)

Analyzing information based on specific data

b)

Is unclear

119.

Phân tích dữ liệu định lượng là

a)

Phân tích các thông tin dựa trên các số liệu cụ thể

b)

Là quá trình tổng hợp, đối chiếu, suy luận để có thể nhận diện được các thông tin bên trong

c)

Phân tích thông tin nhằm mục đích nghiên cứu khám phá, tìm ra thông tin mới hoặc tri thức mới

d)

Là quá trình lượng hóa mối quan hệ giữa các nhân tố thông qua các công cụ phân tích với các dữ liệu được đặc trưng bởi các con số.

120.

Sự khác biệt chính giữa nghiên cứu định tính và nghiên cứu định lượng là gì?

a)

Nghiên cứu định tính tập trung vào các ý nghĩa và hiểu biết sâu sắc từ dữ liệu không số, trong khi nghiên cứu định lượng tập trung vào đo lường và phân tích dữ liệu số.

b)

Nghiên cứu định tính sử dụng dữ liệu số, còn nghiên cứu định lượng sử dụng dữ liệu mô tả.

c)

Nghiên cứu định lượng thường không yêu cầu thiết kế nghiên cứu rõ ràng.

d)

Nghiên cứu định tính thường sử dụng các phương pháp thí nghiệm hơn là các cuộc khảo sát.