are electronic components that control the flow of electrical current

Allow current to flow in one direction; used for rectification and signal modulation

Act as amplifiers or switches

Act as amplifiers or switches

Combine multiple electronic components on a single chip

Convert light into electrical current

Emit light when current flows through them

a four-layered semiconductor device made up of alternating P-type

and N-type materials (PNPN structure)

Switch or amplify electrical signals.

Act as switches in AC/DC conversion.

refers to the property of an electrical component, usually a coil or inductor,

to oppose changes in the current flowing through it.

a circuit is a complete circular path that electricity flows through

has two or more paths for current to flow through

one in which all circuit elements are arranged in a single path

can usually be categorized as an analog circuit, a digital circuit,

or a mixed-signal circuit (a combination of analog circuits and digital circuits).

_____ process continuous signals. These circuits handle varying voltages or

currents that represent real-world phenomena

_____ work with discrete signals, often represented by binary code (0s and 1s).

They form the basis of modern computing and digital devices

_____ combine analog and digital components in a single system,

allowing the processing of both continuous and discrete signals.

_____ is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or voltage

flow in addition to amplifying and generating these electrical signals and

acting as a switch or gate for them.

These are transistors designed to handle small amounts of current and voltage.

These transistors are designed to handle higher currents and voltages,

and are used in circuits that require more power or handle larger amounts of energy.

Text on a Transistor/labeling/marking- is a code that identifies

the type of transistor and its particular version.

The _____ is like a source of current, providing charge carriers.

The _____ acts as a control gate, regulating the flow of charge

carriers between the emitter and the collector.

The _____ is the destination, where the main current flows after being controlled by the base.

The two main types of transistors are the _____ and the _____.

a current-controlled device

a voltage-controlled device

It is a type of BJT where one n-type material is introduced or placed between two p-type materials

In this transistor, we will find one p-type material that is present between two n-type materials.

_____ is a circuit that creates a continuous, alternating waveform

from a DC source without any external input.

A _____ is a device that uses a quartz crystal to generate a stable and accurate frequency

uses resistors (R) and capacitors (C) to generate oscillations

a type of tuned oscillator that uses a combination of L (Inductor) and C (Capacitor)

_____ electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit

The resistors whose values change with change in applied temperature

and voltage are known as linear resistors.

There are two types of linear resistors : _____ & _____

The resistor values change according to the temperature and voltage

applied and is not dependent on Ohm’s law

Type of non-linear resistor:
changing resistance with changes in temperature.

They are very sensitive and react to very small changes in temperature.

Type of non-linear resistor:
Their resistance decreases as the light intensity increases.

amplifies low-power electronic audio signals

amplifier is an electronic device that amplifies low-level audio signals into

higher-power signals that can drive speakers or headphones

a circuit designed to maintain a constant output voltage or current,

regardless of variations in input voltage or load current.

operate by dissipating excess voltage as heat through a series pass transistor

(Type of Electronic Regulators)

The most common type, using a series pass transistor to control the output voltage

(Type of Linear Regulators)

A _____ regulator uses a transistor connected in parallel with the load to regulate voltage

(Type of Linear Regulators)

efficiently convert input voltage to the desired output voltage

by rapidly switching transistors on and off.

Step-down regulators that reduce input voltage
(Type of Switching Regulators)

Step-up regulators that increase input voltage

Can both step up and step down voltage

refers to a set of mathematical techniques used to calculate the voltage and

current values at different points within a complex electrical circuit

property of an electric conductor, or set of conductors, that is measured by the amount of separated electric charge that can be stored on it per unit change in electrical potential.

is the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit. It is measured in volts

Voltage that flows in one direction, like from a battery

Voltage that changes direction periodically, such as household electricity