Gasoline is the source of the energy used by a car to move. What type of energy is stored in the gasoline before it is released in a burning reaction in the engine?

Which factors affect the amount of kinetic energy of an object?

A student is testing three similarly shaped cups made of different materials to determine how quickly heat transfers. The student fills each cup with the same amount of water at 90°C, as shown.

Which question will help the student conclude which material is best at limiting heat transfer by conduction?

A student conducts an experiment by dropping three balls with the same size but different masses from a height of two meters into a box of flour. The table shows the recorded measurements of the indentation each ball makes in the flour.

A child pulls back a knob to compress a spring. When the child releases the knob, a pinball shoots forward to start the game, as shown.

How does the child’s action move the pinball?

A student fills a small container with water at 80°C. The student is designing a plan to maintain the temperature of the water at 80°C.

Which plan will best maintain the temperature of the water?

A student holds a positively charged plate a short distance away from a negatively charged plate, as shown.

Which statement explains what the student will observe between the two plates?

A student rolls a 20-gram ball at different speeds. The table shows the kinetic energy of the ball at each speed.

Based on the data, which statement describes the relationship between the speed and the kinetic energy of the ball?

Two charged particles, R and S, are placed in two different arrangements, as shown in the diagrams.

Which diagram shows the particle arrangement with the greatest amount of electric potential energy, and why?

A student places a metal spoon, a wooden stick, and a plastic ruler in separate glasses of water at 70°C. After 30 minutes, the student carefully touches each object and records any observations in a table.

Based on the student’s observations, which statement is true?

A student drops a solid piece of foam in boiling water. The piece of foam rises to the top of the container, gets pushed to the side, sinks to the bottom, and then rises again repeatedly.

What causes the foam to move in a circular motion?

The table shows four moving objects with different masses and speeds.

Which object has the most kinetic energy?

The bell emits a sound of 86 decibels outside of the shoebox. Using the data, which design elements should a student use to create a wall that minimizes the transfer of sound?

A student labels two beakers 1 and 2, fills each beaker with 200 mL of water at 26°C, and places Beaker 1 on a table in a room with no windows and Beaker 2 in sunlight. The student places a thermometer in each beaker and records the final temperature of the water in each beaker after one hour, as shown in the table.

Which statement accurately explains how thermal energy impacts water particles in the beakers?

A teacher prepares a demonstration to show the transfer of heat using the setup shown in the diagram.

Which statement correctly describes how heat moves in the demonstration?

At which position does a string on a bow have the least elastic potential energy?

A small block is placed on top of a larger block. The image shows the initial temperature of each block.

After some time passes, both blocks are recorded to have the same temperatures. Which process explains this change in temperature?

A 300 g ball is thrown upward. The diagram shows the path of the ball and four positions along its path.

Which graph represents the relationship between gravitational potential energy (GPE) and kinetic energy (KE) at position 3?

A 300g ball is thrown upward. The diagram shows the path of the ball and four positions along its path.

If a ball weighing 150 g follows the same path with the same speed, how would its kinetic energy compare to the kinetic energy of the 300 g ball at position 4?

A child swings back and forth from point A to point B on a tree swing, as shown.

Which statement best describes what happens to the energy as the child swings back and forth on the tree swing?

In which state(s) of matter can heat be transferred by convection?

What occurs when energy is transformed from kinetic to potential energy?

A student places a thermometer 20 cm away from a lamp, as shown.

If the room temperature is 25°C, why is the reading on the thermometer 29°C?

The diagram shows four different positions of a roller coaster.

At which position would the roller coaster have the most gravitational potential energy?

A student fills a bowl with water and records its temperature. The student then warms a few metal marbles in hot sand and carefully places them in the water. The initial and final temperatures of the water are recorded in a table. Which property of thermal energy is demonstrated in the activity?

A student measures the distance a rubber band travels when stretched to different initial lengths. The data is recorded in a table.

Which statement is the best conclusion based on the data collected?

A toy store sells a toy called a jack-in-the-box. When the box opens, a clown comes out by the movement of a spring and produces a laughing sound by using the energy stored in a battery.

Which type of potential energy do the spring and battery have?

A student makes a diagram of a cart at three different positions on a hill to demonstrate the transformation of kinetic energy to potential energy as the cart moves through the positions.

Assuming no energy is lost to friction, which graph demonstrates the correct energy transformations at

A student holds each of four objects of an unknown mass (W, X, Y, and Z) at the same height, releases each, and records the amount of kinetic energy each object contains as it reaches the ground.

Which conclusion accurately compares each object?

The table shows four moving objects with different masses and speeds.

Which object has the most kinetic energy?

The thermometers show the variation in temperatures of a rod at different points.

What process of heat transfer causes this variation?

A pendulum is attached to a fixed point and then released with a swinging motion. Three positions (1, 2, and 3) are marked on the path of the pendulum as it swings, as shown in the image.

If the energy of the pendulum follows the Law of Conservation of Energy, which table could represent the kinetic and potential energy values at the three positions?

The diagram shows three positions of a marble as it rolls along a path.

Assuming that no energy is lost to friction, which statement accurately explains the marble’s energy?

A student holds a positively charged plate a short distance away from a negatively charged plate, as shown.

Which statement explains what the student will observe between the two plates?

Bailey gently places a few red food coloring crystals at the bottom of a glass beaker filled with water. She heats the beaker with a burner for a few minutes. She observes that the red color rises up. What causes the color to spread?

An engineer conducts an experiment to study which materials prevent heat transfer. The engineer fills four plastic cups each with 50 mL of water at 55°C and places a thermometer in each cup. The engineer wraps one of four different materials (1, 2, 3, and 4) around each cup and graphs the temperature of the water in each cup every 3 minutes.

Which material minimizes heat transfer?

A student makes a chart with two images showing how heat is transferred during the winter.

What kinds of heat transfer do these images demonstrate?

Tina added 100 mL of water at 50°C to each of four different-colored cups. She covered each cup with similar-colored lids, inserted a thermometer in each, and placed the cups on a table in a closed room. Tina recorded the temperature in each cup every 5 minutes for a time interval of 20 minutes. The table shows her data.

Which cup radiated the most heat energy to the surroundings