An argument that appeals to popular opinion as the basis for its truth.

An interruption between the initial idea and the conclusion.

An argument based on a personal attack on someone's character.

When a source is viewed negatively because of its connection with another person or group.

Substituting a person's actual position with a misrepresented (and usually weaker) version of their argument.

The conclusions that one thing caused another simply because one happened before the other.

An argument that wrongly assumes there are only two possible positions.

Drawing a conclusion based on a small sample size; a broad claim based on limited evidence.

An argument that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important issue.

The belief or suggestion that something natural is always better than unnatural.

"I had a bad teacher once; therefore, all teachers must be bad."

"The Cardinals are the best football team because they're better than all the other teams."

Jack is a good athlete. Jack comes from Canada. Therefore, all Canadians are good athletes."

"Four out of five dentists recommend Happy Glossy toothpaste. Therefore, it must be great."

"Every time I go to sleep the sun goes down. Therefore, my sleeping causes the sun to set."

"To get better schools, we have to raise taxes. If we don't, we can't have better schools."

"Because everybody thinks this way, it must be right."

"Yes, we have safety issues in our factory. But we work really hard to make a good product."

"The Senator must be wrong on the issue of taxes because he's such a jerk to the people who work for him."