His work On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres published in 1543 challenged the old Ptolemaic model of the universe by advancing the heliocentric model of the universe. He presented the orbits of the planets as perfectly circular.

Sponsored by the HRE Rudolph II, he ran the most sophisticated observatory of his day from which he was able to compile tables of data about the movements of the planets. He was a teacher of Johannes Kepler.

A supporter of the Copernican model of the universe, he used his advancements on the telescope to discover new things about the universe. The publishing of his most well-known work, Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems (1632) prompted him to be called before the Inquisition and put on trial. Officially, he recanted the thesis that he put forward in his work.

He was a major proponent of empiricism - using inductive reasoning based on observation to understand the world. He is often considered to have developed the Scientific Method.

He was a proponent of deductive reasoning - thought that truth can be discovered through human reasoning. He encouraged people to doubt everything, even existence, and use reasoning to discover and understand. His most famous saying is "Je pense, donc je suis" (I think therefore I am).

A new form of spirituality that evolved during the Enlightenment, this was the belief that God created the world and set everything into motion but is not actively involved in the world - allows the world to run without interference.

A supporter of Absolute Monarchy, this early Enlightenment thinker had an overall negative view of humanity and thought that human beings were too selfish to effectively govern themselves in any kind of democratic system. He wrote Leviathan (published in 1655).

The author of Two Treatises of Civil Government (first published in 1689), this Enlightenment thinker believed that people have 3 natural rights: the right to life, liberty and property. He was a proponent of the social contract and believed that the main purpose of the government was to protect the natural rights of the people. If the government failed to do this, the people had the right to change their government.

Another word for Enlightenment philosophers was ___.

He attempted to log all knowledge in the world and published the Encyclopédie.

He was a huge proponent of freedom of religion and freedom of speech. He did not like the violence and persecution that he believed came with organized religious institutions.

Which of the following philosophers is known for his theory of separation of powers, which influenced the structure of modern democratic governments?

The Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, ended which of the following conflicts?

Who was the author of 'The Wealth of Nations', a foundational text in classical economics published in 1776?