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Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic

Total questions: 106

Worksheet time: 53mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

a)

To provide structural support to the cell

b)

To serve as a selectively permeable barrier

c)

To store genetic materia

d)

To produce energy for the cell

2.

The plasma membrane is primarily composed of a:

a)

Single layer of phospholipids

b)

Double layer of proteins

c)

Phospholipid bilayer

d)

Carbohydrate matrix

3.

The phospholipid bilayer consists of:

a)

Hydrophilic tails and hydrophobic heads

b)

Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

c)

Only hydrophobic molecules

d)

Only hydrophilic molecules

4.

What type of proteins are embedded into the plasma membrane and may serve as channels?

a)

Peripheral proteins

b)

Integral proteins

c)

Glycoproteins

d)

Structural proteins

5.

What is another name for the cytoplasmic membrane / phospholipid bilayer?

a)

Selective Permeability Model

b)

Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Model

c)

Fluid Mosaic Model

d)

Passive Transport Model

6.

Where are peripheral proteins located?

a)

Embedded within the bilayer

b)

On the inner and outer surface of the membrane

c)

Only on the extracellular side

d)

Only within the cytoplasm

7.

What is passive transport?

a)

The movement of substances against their concentration gradient using ATP

b)

The movement of substances down their concentration gradient without using ATP

c)

The transport of substances only through protein channels

d)

The process of engulfing substances into the cell

8.

In passive transport, substances cross the membrane from ____ to ____ concentration, and ____ is used

a)

Low; high; ATP

b)

High; low; no ATP

c)

Low; high; no ATP

d)

High; low; ATP

9.

What type of molecules pass directly through the membrane via simple diffusion?

a)

Large polar molecules

b)

Ions

c)

H20, gasses (O2, CO2), and small hydrophobic molecules

d)

Proteins

10.

Which molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer using simple diffusion?

a)

Ions and glucose

b)

Oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and small hydrophobic molecules

c)

Large proteins and DNA

d)

Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺)

11.

What process allows H₂O, O₂, CO₂, and small hydrophobic molecules to pass directly through the membrane without ATP?

a)

Facilitated diffusion

b)

Endocytosis

c)

Simple diffusion

d)

Active transport

12.

What is osmosis, and does it require ATP?

a)

The movement of water molecules across a membrane, and it does not require ATP

b)

The diffusion of gases across a membrane, requiring ATP

c)

The facilitated diffusion of large molecules, requiring ATP

d)

The active transport of ions across a membrane

13.

How do impermeable molecules cross the membrane in facilitated diffusion?

a)

By moving directly through the phospholipid bilayer

b)

(Through channels) by using transport proteins that span the lipid bilayer

c)

By being engulfed through endocytosis

d)

By requiring ATP to move against the concentration gradient

14.

What type of proteins assist in facilitated diffusion?

a)

Structural proteins

b)

Enzymatic proteins

c)

Transport proteins

d)

Receptor proteins

15.

Does facilitated diffusion require ATP?

a)

Yes, because it moves substances against the concentration gradient

b)

No, because it moves substances down the concentration gradient

c)

Yes, because it transports large molecules

d)

No, because it only involves osmosis

16.

What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

a)

Simple diffusion requires ATP, while facilitated diffusion does not

b)

Simple diffusion requires transport proteins, while facilitated diffusion does not

c)

Simple diffusion allows molecules to pass directly through the membrane, while facilitated diffusion requires transport proteins (through channels)

d)

There is no difference between them

17.

What is osmosis?

a)

The net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solvent concentration to an area of high solvent concentration

b)

The net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high solvent concentration to an area of low solvent concentration.

c)

The movement of solute molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration.

d)

The movement of solute molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

18.

In living organisms, what is the main solvent involved in osmosis?

a)

Oxygen

b)

Carbon dioxide

c)

Glucose

d)

Water

19.

How does water primarily move across cell membranes during osmosis?

a)

Through active transport mechanisms

b)

Directly through the lipid bilayer or via aquaporins

c)

By binding to carrier proteins that require ATP

d)

Through ion channels specific to water molecules

20.

Which of the following statements is true regarding osmosis?

a)

Osmosis requires energy input in the form of ATP

b)

Osmosis involves the movement of solute molecules across the membrane.

c)

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

d)

Osmosis occurs only in animal cells.

21.

What role do aquaporins play in the process of osmosis?

a)

They actively pump water molecules across the cell membrane.

b)

They serve as channels that facilitate the passive movement of water molecules across the cell membrane.

c)

They prevent water molecules from crossing the cell membrane.

d)

They bind to water molecules and transport them into the cell via endocytosis.

22.

Which term describes a medium outside of the cell where the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside the cell?

a)

Hypertonic solution

b)

Hypotonic solution

c)

Isotonic solution

d)

Osmotic solution

23.

What is a hypotonic solution?

a)

A medium outside the cell with a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell

b)

A medium outside the cell with a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell

c)

A medium outside the cell with an equal concentration of solutes as inside the cell

d)

A medium inside the cell with a higher concentration of solutes than outside the cell

24.

In a hypertonic solution, how does the concentration of solutes outside the cell compare to that inside the cell?

a)

Lower outside than inside

b)

Equal outside and inside

c)

Higher outside than inside

d)

No solutes outside the cell

25.

What do isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions describe?

a)

The concentration of solutes inside the cell relative to the concentration outside the cell

b)

The concentration of solutes outside the cell relative to the concentration inside the cell

c)

The concentration of water molecules inside the cell

d)

The concentration of water molecules outside the cell

26.

Which of the following molecules are actively transported across the plasma membrane?

a)

Amino acids

b)

Simple sugars

c)

Na⁺, H⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻

d)

All of the above

27.

What is group translocation?

a)

The process of moving molecules through the membrane and phosphorylating them simultaneously

b)

The passive diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

c)

The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient without energy input

d)

The facilitated diffusion of ions through specific channels

28.

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial cell wall?

a)

Maintains cell shape

b)

Prevents cell from rupturing or lysing

c)

Serves as an anchor for flagella

d)

All of the above

29.

The bacterial cell wall helps prevent the cell from:

a)

Contracting

b)

Rupturing or lysing

c)

Dividing

d)

Shrinking

30.

In bacteria, the cell wall serves as an anchor for:

a)

Pili

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Flagella

d)

Endospores

31.

Which two components make up the peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria?

a)

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

b)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan

c)

Mycolic acid and teichoic acids

d)

Peptide interbridges and lipoproteins

32.

How many layers of peptidoglycan can be found in Gram-positive bacteria?

a)

5-10

b)

10-20

c)

Up to 30

d)

More than 50

33.

What is the function of teichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria?

a)

Protect against antibiotics

b)

Regulate cation movement, prevent wall breakdown, and allow for antigen specificity

c)

Form the outer membrane

d)

Assist in Gram-negative bacterial identification

34.

What is the difference between lipoteichoic acids and wall teichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria?

a)

Lipoteichoic acids link to the lipid membrane, while wall teichoic acids are linked to peptidoglycan and connected to the cell membrane

b)

Wall teichoic acids link to the lipid membrane, while lipoteichoic acids are linked to peptidoglycan

c)

Both link directly to the outer membrane

d)

Neither plays a role in cell wall structure

35.

How many layers of peptidoglycan are typically found in Gram-negative bacteria?

a)

1-7 layers

b)

10-20 layers

c)

Up to 30 layers

d)

More than 50 layers

36.

Which structure is unique to Gram-negative bacteria and absent in Gram-positive bacteria?

a)

Teichoic acids

b)

Peptidoglycan

c)

Outer membrane

d)

Peptide interbridge

37.

What is the function of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria?

a)

Aids in ATP production

b)

Provides an additional layer of protection against antibiotics, enzymes, and toxins

c)

Functions as the main site of protein synthesis

d)

Stores genetic information

38.

Which component of the LPS layer functions as an endotoxin when the bacteria die?

a)

Core polysaccharide

b)

O-specific polysaccharide

c)

Lipid A

d)

Peptide interbridge

39.

What is the role of porins in the LPS layer of Gram-negative bacteria?

a)

They help transport molecules such as nucleotides, disaccharides, and iron

b)

They anchor the LPS layer to the membrane.

c)

They provide antigen specificity for bacterial identification.

d)

They prevent antibiotic resistance.

40.

Which component of the LPS layer is important for identifying different Gram-negative bacterial species?

a)

Lipid A

b)

Core polysaccharide

c)

O-specific polysaccharide

d)

Phospholipids

41.

What does the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria contain?

a)

Only ribosomes

b)

Many degradative enzymes and transport proteins

c)

A thick layer of peptidoglycan

d)

Teichoic acids

42.

How does penicillin weaken bacterial cell walls?

a)

It disrupts lipid synthesis

b)

It breaks the NAM-NAG bond

c)

It prevents cross-linking of adjacent glycan chains (NAM-NAM link)

d)

It degrades peptidoglycan completely

43.

What is the role of lysozyme in breaking down peptidoglycan?

a)

It prevents the formation of teichoic acids

b)

It breaks the NAM-NAG bond

c)

It inhibits bacterial ribosomes

d)

It disrupts the LPS layer

44.

What is the nucleoid in a prokaryotic cell?

a)

A membrane-bound organelle containing DNA

b)

A single, continuous, and circular strand of DNA called the “bacterial chromosome”

c)

A structure composed of histones and linear DNA

d)

A site for protein synthesis

45.

Which statement is true about the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?

a)

It contains histones

b)

It is membrane-bound

c)

It contains a single, circular DNA strand

d)

It is responsible for protein synthesis

46.

What is the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

a)

DNA replication

b)

Protein synthesis

c)

Energy production

d)

Cell division

47.

Which of the following is NOT a type of inclusion found in cells?

a)

Polysaccharide granules

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Magnetosomes

d)

Gas vacuoles

48.

What is the primary function of lipid inclusions?

a)

Buoyancy

b)

Energy storage

c)

Acting as magnets

d)

DNA replication

49.

Sulfur granules primarily serve as:

a)

A buoyancy aid

b)

A magnet for orientation

c)

Energy reserves

d)

A protective outer layer

50.

Which inclusion is responsible for helping a cell float in liquid environments?

a)

Sulfur granules

b)

Gas vacuoles

c)

Polysaccharide granules

d)

Magnetosomes

51.

Magnetosomes are composed of:

a)

Glycogen and starch

b)

Lipids

c)

Iron oxide

d)

Protein

52.

Which type of organism produces endospores?

a)

Fungi

b)

Eukaryotic cells

c)

Prokaryotic cells

d)

Viruses

53.

Why are endospores a concern in the food industry?

a)

They multiply rapidly in food

b)

They are resistant to many external factors

c)

They produce toxins in all foods

d)

They require high temperatures to grow

54.

Which of the following is NOT an external factor that endospores resist?

a)

Heat

b)

Toxic Chemicals

c)

Radiation

d)

Oxygen

55.

How long can endospores survive?

a)

A few weeks

b)

A few months

c)

Thousands or millions of years

d)

Only as long as the host is alive

56.

Where was a 7,500-year-old endospore found?

a)

Dominican Republic

b)

Elk Lake, Minnesota

c)

Siberian permafrost

d)

Amazon rainforest

57.

What is the age range of the oldest endospores found in the Dominican Republic?

a)

500-1,000 years

b)

7,500-10,000 years

c)

25-40 million years

d)

Over 100 million years

58.

Which disease-causing Gram-negative organism forms an endospore-like structure resistant to heat and chemicals?

a)

Bacillus anthracis

b)

Clostridium botulinum

c)

The organism that causes Q fever

d)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

59.

Which prokaryotic organism does NOT have a cell wall?

a)

Bacillus

b)

Mycoplasma

c)

Clostridium

d)

Escherichia

60.

What do Mycoplasma use to strengthen their cytoplasmic membrane?

a)

Peptidoglycan

b)

Phospholipids

c)

Sterols

d)

Pseudomurein

61.

Do Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

a)

Yes

b)

No

62.

What is the primary component of the cell walls of Archaea?

a)

Peptidoglycan

b)

Lipopolysaccharide

c)

Pseudopeptidoglycan (pseudomurein)

d)

Chitin

63.

What is the primary component of fungal cell walls?

a)

Cellulose

b)

Peptidoglycan

c)

Chitin

d)

Pseudomurein

64.

Which organisms can have cell walls made of cellulose?

a)

Only fungi

b)

Bacteria and archaea

c)

Algae, plants, and some fungi

d)

Animals and fungi

65.

What is the glycocalyx composed of?

a)

Proteins

b)

Lipids

c)

Sticky carbohydrates

d)

Peptidoglycan

66.

Which statement about the glycocalyx is true?

a)

It is a type of cell wall.

b)

It surrounds the plasma membrane in some eukaryotes.

c)

It is found in all eukaryotic cells

d)

It is primarily made of lipids.

67.

Where are most of a cells genes located?

a)

Cytoplasm

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Nucleus

d)

Endoplasmic reticulum

68.

Which organelles also contain some genes, apart from the nucleus?

a)

Golgi apparatus and lysosomes

b)

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

c)

Ribosomes and peroxisomes

d)

Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

69.

What structure surrounds the nucleus?

a)

Plasma membrane

b)

Nuclear envelope

c)

Cell wall

d)

Cytoskeleton

70.

What is the function of the nuclear lamina?

a)

Synthesizing proteins

b)

Maintaining the shape of the nucleus

c)

Transporting molecules across the membrane

d)

Producing ATP

71.

What is chromatin?

a)

A protein that transports molecules

b)

The site of ATP production

c)

DNA and proteins that condense into chromosomes

d)

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus

72.

Where is rRNA synthesized?

a)

Nuclear envelope

b)

Nucleolus

c)

Golgi apparatus

d)

Mitochondria

73.

What is the function of nuclear pores?

a)

Generating energy for the nucleus

b)

Regulating entry and exit of RNAs, proteins, and other macromolecules

c)

Storing genetic information

d)

Synthesizing ribosomes

74.

In which type of cells is the nucleus found?

a)

Prokaryotes only

b)

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

c)

Eukaryotes only

d)

Viruses only

75.

What are ribosomes composed of?

a)

DNA and protein

b)

Ribosomal RNA and protein

c)

Lipids and carbohydrates

d)

Phospholipids and proteins

76.

Where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis?

a)

Only in the cytosol

b)

Only in the nucleus

c)

In the cytosol and on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

d)

Only on the rough ER

77.

What is the difference between free and bound ribosomes?

a)

Free ribosomes are in the cytosol, and bound ribosomes attach to the ER or nuclear envelope

b)

Free ribosomes only exist in prokaryotes

c)

Bound ribosomes make RNA, while free ribosomes make proteins

d)

Bound ribosomes are inside the nucleus

78.

Where are free ribosomes found?

a)

Inside the nucleus

b)

In the cytosol

c)

On the Golgi apparatus

d)

Embedded in the plasma membrane

79.

Where are bound ribosomes found?

a)

Floating in the cytoplasm

b)

On the outer membrane of mitochondria

c)

On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

d)

Inside lysosomes

80.

Are ribosomes present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

a)

Yes

b)

No

81.

What organelle has a membrane that is continuous with the nuclear envelope?

a)

Golgi apparatus

b)

Endoplasmic reticulum

c)

Lysosome

d)

Peroxisome

82.

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum found?

a)

Only in prokaryotic cells

b)

Only in eukaryotic cells

c)

In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

d)

Only in plant cells

83.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Smooth ER?

a)

Synthesizing lipids

b)

Metabolizing carbohydrates

c)

Secreting glycoproteins

d)

Detoxifying drugs and poisons

84.

What is one function of the Smooth ER?

a)

Storing calcium ions

b)

Producing ribosomes

c)

Transporting oxygen

d)

Generating ATP

85.

What do bound ribosomes on the Rough ER secrete?

a)

Lipids

b)

Carbohydrates

c)

Glycoproteins

d)

DNA

86.

What does the Rough ER distribute?

a)

Golgi vesicles

b)

Transport vesicles

c)

Mitochondria

d)

RNA molecules

87.

Which part of the endoplasmic reticulum acts as the membrane factory for the cell?

a)

Smooth ER

b)

Rough ER

c)

Golgi apparatus

d)

Lysosome

88.

What is the Golgi apparatus composed of?

a)

Phospholipid bilayers only

b)

Flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

c)

Circular vesicles floating in the cytoplasm

d)

Ribosomal RNA and proteins

89.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

a)

Modifying products of the ER

b)

Manufacturing polysaccharides

c)

Sorting and packaging materials into transport vesicles

d)

Producing ATP

90.

What kind of macromolecules does the Golgi apparatus manufacture?

a)

Lipids

b)

Polysaccharides

c)

DNA

d)

Nucleotides

91.

Where does the Golgi apparatus send the materials it processes?

a)

Directly to the nucleus

b)

Into transport vesicles

c)

Into the cytosol for degradation

d)

Back into the ER for energy production

92.

Is the Golgi apparatus found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

a)

Yes

b)

No, only in eukaryotes

93.

What is the main function of mitochondria?

a)

Protein synthesis

b)

Cellular respiration to generate ATP

c)

Photosynthesis

d)

DNA replication

94.

What does cellular respiration require in order to produce ATP?

a)

Carbon dioxide

b)

Oxygen

c)

Nitrogen

d)

Glucose only

95.

In which types of cells are mitochondria found?

a)

Only in plant cells

b)

Only in animal cells

c)

Virtually all eukaryotic cells (fungi, protists, plants, animals)

d)

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

96.

Are mitochondria found in prokaryotes?

a)

Yes

b)

No, only in eukaryotes

97.

What is the main function of chloroplasts?

a)

Cellular respiration

b)

Protein synthesis

c)

Photosynthesis

d)

Lipid metabolism

98.

Which types of organisms have chloroplasts?

a)

Animals and fungi

b)

Bacteria and archaea

c)

Plants and algae

d)

All eukaryotes

99.

Are chloroplasts found in prokaryotic cells?

a)

Yes

b)

No, only in eukaryotes

100.

Which of the following is NOT a structural component of chloroplasts?

a)

Thylakoids

b)

Stroma

c)

Cisternae

d)

Granum

101.

What are thylakoids?

a)

Fluid inside the chloroplast

b)

Membranous sacs that stack to form a granum

c)

A type of chlorophyll molecule

d)

Protein complexes for cellular respiration

102.

What is the stroma?

a)

The outer membrane of the chloroplast

b)

The internal fluid of the chloroplast

c)

A type of pigment

d)

A structure that transports electrons

103.

What is the function of lysosomes?

a)

Photosynthesis

b)

Cellular respiration

c)

Digestion of macromolecules

d)

Protein synthesis

104.

Which macromolecules can lysosomal enzymes hydrolyze?

a)

Only proteins

b)

Only lipids

c)

Proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

d)

Only nucleic acids

105.

What is the term for the process where lysosomes recycle the cells own organelles and macromolecules?

a)

Endocytosis

b)

Exocytosis

c)

Autophagy

d)

Pinocytosis

106.

Are lysosomes found in prokaryotic cells?

a)

Yes

b)

No, only in eukaryotic cells

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