Sign is objective, symptom is subjective

Sign is subjective, symptom is objective

Both are objective

Both are subjective

History, observation, palpation, special tests

Inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation

Subjective complaints, objective findings, assessment, plan

Range of motion, strength testing, neurological exam, functional testing

Chief complaint, mechanism of injury, past medical history

Present illness, past medical history, social history

Family history, medications, allergies

All of the above

Goniometer, inclinometer

Visual estimation

Both a and b

Neither a nor b

Manual muscle testing, dynamometry

Goniometry

Palpation

Observation

Specific maneuvers to assess joint integrity or tissue pathology

General tests of flexibility and strength

Tests to assess neurological function

Tests to assess cardiovascular fitness

Lachman test, anterior drawer test, Hawkins-Kennedy test, Empty Can test

McMurray test, Apley grind test, Valgus stress test, Varus stress test

Thompson test, Phalen's test, Tinel's test

All of the above

Stress tests (e.g., varus, valgus)

Range of motion testing

Palpation

Observation

Reflex testing, sensory testing, motor testing

Cranial nerve testing

Both a and b

Neither a nor b

Identify anatomical structures, assess tissue temperature, detect swelling

Assess joint range of motion

Assess muscle strength

All of the above

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

Bruising, deformity, crepitus

Numbness, tingling, weakness

All of the above

Pain scales (e.g., visual analog scale, numeric rating scale)

Patient report

Observation of behavior

All of the above

Visual analog scale (VAS)

Numeric rating scale (NRS)

McGill Pain Questionnaire

All of the above

Assess ability to perform specific activities

Assess joint range of motion

Assess muscle strength

All of the above

Hop test, single-leg stance, gait analysis

Range of motion testing

Strength testing

All of the above

SOAP notes

Narrative notes

Electronic medical records

All of the above

Communication, legal protection, continuity of care

Billing and insurance purposes

Research

All of the above

Written reports, verbal communication, electronic medical records

Referrals

Consultations

All of the above

Missing important information, inaccurate measurements, biased interpretation

Failure to perform special tests

Inadequate documentation

All of the above

Mechanism of injury, signs and symptoms, special tests

Imaging studies

Patient history

All of the above

Loss of consciousness, severe bleeding, neurological deficits

Deformity, open fracture, dislocation

Severe pain, difficulty breathing, chest pain

All of the above

Based on diagnosis, severity of injury, patient goals

Evidence-based practice

Clinical experience

All of the above

Confirm diagnosis, rule out other conditions

Visualize internal structures

Guide treatment decisions

All of the above

Radiologist report, consultation with radiologist

Correlation with clinical findings

Understanding of anatomy and pathology

All of the above

Patient cooperation, pain, language barriers

Complex injuries, multiple injuries

Lack of access to diagnostic imaging

All of the above

Consider developmental stage, cognitive abilities, physical limitations

Modify testing procedures

Use age-appropriate outcome measures

All of the above

Informed consent, confidentiality, patient autonomy

Scope of practice

Professional responsibility

All of the above

Continuing education, professional conferences, research articles

Networking with colleagues

Reading journals

All of the above

Using the best available research to guide clinical decision-making

Relying on expert opinion

Following traditional practices

All of the above