Electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, and biodiesel

Petroleum (fossil fuel)

Density (kg/m³ at 15°C)

A critical parameter in fuel oil purification and combustion.

Viscosity (cSt at 50°C or 100°C)

Marine fuels often require heating to increase viscosity for efficient injection.

Flash Point (°C)

The highest temperature at which fuel vapors ignite in air.

Pour Point (°C)

The highest temperature at which fuel remains flowable.

Water Content (% by volume)

Water in fuel causes corrosion, microbial growth, and combustion inefficiency.

Sediment and Sludge Content (% by mass)

Excessive sludge leads to fuel filter clogging, purifier inefficiency, and injector blockage.

Sulfur Content (% by mass)

Determines emissions of sulfur oxides (SOₓ).

Carbon Residue (Conradson Carbon Residue - CCR, % by mass)

Low CCR values result in engine fouling and piston ring sticking.

Total Base Number (TBN, mg KOH/g)

Measures the acidic content in fuel, which can cause corrosion in fuel systems.

Asphaltene Content (% by mass)

High asphaltene fuels can lead to injector coking and poor combustion.

Ash Content (% by mass)

Represents inorganic impurities that can form deposits in the combustion chamber.

Calorific Value (MJ/kg or kcal/kg)

Lower calorific value results in more efficient combustion and energy generation.