The CPU utilization is minimized

Users can interact with running programs in real time

The CPU remains idle between context switches

Only one process is executed at a time

The child replaces the parent, or they execute concurrently

The parent waits for the child, or they execute concurrently

The child immediately terminates, or the parent continues

The child runs in a different CPU, or the parent takes control of the child

Cooperating processes must run on different CPUs

Cooperating processes cannot communicate with each other

Cooperating processes are only used in distributed systems

Cooperating processes share data and influence each other’s execution

Ready queue

Job queue

I/O queue

Termination queue

A thread is independent of its parent process

A process can have multiple threads, while a thread runs independently

A thread cannot share memory with other threads in the same process

A process runs only one thread at a time

It maps multiple user threads to a single kernel thread

It allows multiple threads to run in parallel on multiprocessors

It prevents context switching

It avoids creating kernel threads entirely

A technique that enables multiple processes to share a single core

A method to execute two threads simultaneously using the same CPU core

A mechanism to prioritize kernel threads over user threads

A way to allocate memory more efficiently across multiple processes

fork() and exec() always run in kernel mode

exec() creates a new process, while fork() terminates the current process

A method to execute two threads simultaneously using the same CPU core

fork() duplicates current process, exec() replaces it with a new program

Threads share the memory and resources of the process they belong to

Threads execute sequentially, reducing resource conflicts

Each thread must request permission before accessing shared resources

Each thread requires separate memory allocation

A security process that prevents unauthorized access

A process that executes kernel-level commands

A background service that runs without user interaction

A virtual memory management technique

It prevents memory leaks

It stores frequently used data in faster storage for quick access

It reduces data redundancy in disk storage

It optimizes CPU scheduling by prioritizing active processes

Kernel

File system manager

Process scheduler

Memory allocator

Registers

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Cache memory

Secondary storage

Compiling source code

Security control

Memory management

Process scheduling

User mode allows direct access to hardware, while kernel mode does not

There is no distinction between the two in modern operating systems

Kernel mode restricts user programs from accessing privileged instructions

Process scheduler

Device drivers

Interrupt handler

System call handler

To load and execute user programs from storage

To initialize the system hardware and load the OS into memory

To configure user authentication settings

To manage process scheduling at startup

By reducing the process's memory allocation

By terminating long-running processes automatically

By enforcing strict user privileges

By using a timer to preempt execution

Printed Circuit Board

Process Command Block

Process Control Block

Process Computational Block