A periodical publication of astronomical data useful to a navigator.

Average degree to which each point differs from the mean, also used as a measure of dispersion or spread of a distribution.

Science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore wind farms, offshore oil exploration and drilling and related activities.

Determines distance through linear and angular measurements of optical instruments.

Determining positions of points; distance, direction, and elevation.

Branch of applied mathematics; determining area, length, directions.

Unpredictable and are often caused by factors beyond the control of the surveyor (e.g. environmental factors).

Science or art of making measurements; relative position of points.

Determines distance through measurements of electromagnetic wave cycles and phases by a capable electronic instrument.

Treats the Earth's surface as a plane and does not consider the effects of its curvature; used in small projects and yields fairly accurate results in areas less than 250 km².

Due to limitations of the senses (e.g. carelessness of the observer, wrong parameters used).

Caused by variations in the phenomena of nature (e.g. magnetic declination, refraction, temperature, thermocline).

The measurement of dimensional relationships among points, lines, and physical features on or near the Earth's surface.

For areas larger than 250 km², it is important to include the effects of the Earth's curvature in the calculations; leads to more complex solutions.

Determines distance by recording the number of rotations the wheel makes while walking along a line. Relatively more accurate on flat terrain than elevated.

Caused by the surveying equipment, observation methods, and certain environmental factors (e.g. Not applying curvature and refraction constants, using an incorrect prism offset).

Refers to the conformity of the measurements to its true value.

Establishment of the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points.

Due to imperfections in the instruments (e.g. improper adjustments of equipment, not calibrated, broken parts).

The weights are inversely proportional to the number of repetitions of angle measurements.

Measurements of relative positions of points; draw to scale.

Refers to the conformity of repeated measurements of the same quantity.

Art and science of determining angular and linear measurements.

An approximation of the true error of the sample.

Utilizes the principle of aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, in which measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions of photographed objects.

The difference between the measured value and the true value.

The weights are directly proportional to the number of observations or measurements. The weights are inversely proportional to the square of the corresponding probable errors. The weights are inversely proportional to the total distance or length of a route.

Refers to those control, topographic and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or communication, such as highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines and pipelines.

Used to estimate population standard deviation. It quantifies the variation in the means from multiple sets of measurements.

Performed to determine the length and direction of lot lines and to establish the position of these lines on the ground.

Uses pace factor or the approximate length of one's step distance (pace) to determine distance. Very low accuracy.

Made to secure data from which may be made a topographic map indicating the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and human-made objects.

The difference between the most probable value and the measured value or express the variation or deviation in the measurement.

Significant, unpredictable mistakes caused by human error (e.g. improperly levelling the surveying instrument).

Used to establish the location and alignment of highways, bridges, buildings, pipes, and other man-made objects.

A measure of the spread of a distribution of quantities. It quantifies the variation within a set of measurements. Also called the Root-Mean-Square Error.

Measuring horizontal and vertical distances; angles between lines.

Determines distance through using steel tapes or the Gunter's chain.

Science and art of determining relative positions of points.

The difference between the measured value and the true value.

Refers to the conformity of repeated measurements of the same quantity.

Significant, unpredictable mistakes caused by human error (e.g. improperly levelling the surveying instrument).

Refers to those control, topographic and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or communication, such as highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines and pipelines.

The weights are inversely proportional to the number of repetitions of angle measurements.

Used to establish the location and alignment of highways, bridges, buildings, pipes, and other man-made objects.

Determines distance through linear and angular measurements of optical instruments.

Science or art of making measurements; relative position of points.

A periodical publication of astronomical data useful to a navigator.

The difference between the most probable value and the measured value or express the variation or deviation in the measurement.

Due to limitations of the senses (e.g. carelessness of the observer, wrong parameters used).

Establishment of the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points.

Utilizes the principles for land, geologic and topographic surveying to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining operations.

Made to secure data from which may be made a topographic map indicating the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and human-made objects.

Measurements of relative positions of points; draw to scale.

Used to estimate population standard deviation. It quantifies the variation in the means from multiple sets of measurements.

Due to imperfections in the instruments (e.g. improper adjustments of equipment, not calibrated, broken parts).

Utilizes the principle of aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, in which measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions of photographed objects.

Determines distance through measurements of electromagnetic wave cycles and phases by a capable electronic instrument.

Performed to determine the length and direction of lot lines and to establish the position of these lines on the ground.

Determines distance by recording the number of rotations the wheel makes while walking along a line. Relatively more accurate on flat terrain than elevated.

Measuring horizontal and vertical distances; angles between lines.

Caused by variations in the phenomena of nature (e.g. magnetic declination, refraction, temperature, thermocline).

Science and art of determining relative positions of points.

Science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore wind farms, offshore oil exploration and drilling and related activities.

Treats the Earth's surface as a plane and does not consider the effects of its curvature; used in small projects and yields fairly accurate results in areas less than 250 km².

The measurement of dimensional relationships among points, lines, and physical features on or near the Earth's surface.

Determines distance through using steel tapes or the Gunter's chain.

The weights are directly proportional to the number of observations or measurements. The weights are inversely proportional to the square of the corresponding probable errors. The weights are inversely proportional to the total distance or length of a route.

Average degree to which each point differs from the mean, also used as a measure of dispersion or spread of a distribution.

Refers to the conformity of the measurements to its true value.

A measure of the spread of a distribution of quantities. It quantifies the variation within a set of measurements. Also called the Root-Mean-Square Error.

Uses pace factor or the approximate length of one's step distance (pace) to determine distance. Very low accuracy

Determining positions of points; distance, direction, and elevation.

What is this formula for?

What is this formula for?

Formula for:

Formula for:

Formula for:

Formula for:

Formula for:

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Theory of probability is applied to

Residual of a measured quantity is the

If the standard deviation of a quantity is ± 1′′, the maximum error would be

If the standard deviation of an observation is ± 10 m, the most probable error would be

The systematic errors

Variance of a quantity is an indicator of

In the case of a function y = f(x1,x2), the error in y is computed as

The adjusted value of an observed quantity may contain

One of the characteristics of random errors is that

If the standard error of each tape length used to measure a length is ± 0.01 m. the standard error in 4 tape lengths will be