INNER JOIN returns matching rows from both tables; LEFT JOIN returns all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table.

INNER JOIN and LEFT JOIN are identical in functionality and output.

INNER JOIN returns all rows from the left table; LEFT JOIN returns only unmatched rows from the right table.

INNER JOIN returns all rows from both tables; LEFT JOIN returns only matching rows.

A subquery is a nested query used to retrieve data based on another query's results.

A subquery is a type of database index.

A subquery is a method for data encryption.

A subquery is used to create new tables.

Use a single index for all columns to reduce complexity.

Create indexes on frequently queried columns to improve query performance.

Create indexes on rarely queried columns to save space.

Avoid using indexes as they slow down all queries.

Tree, Hashmap, Bitmap, Text

B-tree, Hash, Bitmap, XML, Spatial

B-tree, Hash, Bitmap, Full-text, Graph

B-tree, Hash, Bitmap, Full-text, Spatial

Indexing has no impact on query performance.

Indexing slows down data retrieval by increasing search time.

Indexing significantly enhances data retrieval speed by reducing search time and improving query performance.

Indexing complicates data retrieval processes.

To define the structure of a database.

To create new database tables.

The purpose of DML is to manipulate data in a database.

To manage user permissions in a database.

SHOW, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, RENAME

FETCH, JOIN, MERGE, INDEX

INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT

CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);

SELECT * FROM table_name;

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1;

SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition;

INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2);

UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE condition;

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

The DELETE statement is used to create a new table in SQL.

The DELETE statement is used to add new rows to a table in SQL.

The DELETE statement is used to update existing rows in a table in SQL.

The DELETE statement is used to remove rows from a table in SQL.

Aggregate functions in SQL return multiple values from a set of data.

Aggregate functions in SQL are only applicable to string values.

Aggregate functions in SQL are functions that perform calculations on a set of values and return a single value.

Aggregate functions in SQL are used to modify data types.

ADD, SUBTRACT, DIVIDE

TOTAL, MEAN, RANGE

FIRST, LAST, AVERAGE

SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN

Use GROUP BY without any aggregate functions.

You can only use GROUP BY with numeric data types.

Use SELECT with aggregate functions and GROUP BY to group results.

GROUP BY is only for sorting data.

A stored procedure is a precompiled collection of SQL statements that can be executed as a single unit.

A stored procedure is a temporary table used for data storage.

A stored procedure is a command to create a new database.

A stored procedure is a type of database index.

CREATE TABLE table_name (columns);

ALTER PROCEDURE procedure_name (parameters);

CREATE FUNCTION function_name (parameters) BEGIN SQL_statements; END;

CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name (parameters) BEGIN SQL_statements; END;

Increased complexity in code management

Slower execution times

Reduced data security risks

Advantages of using stored procedures include improved performance, enhanced security, easier maintenance, and data integrity enforcement.

You can only pass parameters as global variables.

You can pass parameters by defining them in the procedure and providing values during the call.

Stored procedures do not accept any parameters.

Parameters can only be passed as JSON objects.

A stored procedure returns a value; a function performs actions without returning a value.

A function is always faster than a stored procedure in execution.

A function can only be used in SQL queries; a stored procedure cannot.

A function returns a value; a stored procedure performs actions without returning a value.

Use TRY...CATCH blocks for error handling.

Use a global error handler instead of TRY...CATCH.

Log errors to a file without handling them.

Ignore errors and continue execution.

TRUE

FALSE

DEFAULT Constraint

Primary Key Constraint

Check Constraint

TABLE CONSTRAINT

Primary key Constraint

Unique Constraint

Default constraint

Check constraint

Primary Key

Unique

Default

Check

insert

update

alter

delete

database

data lake

cloud

data warehouse

Yes

No

>=

=>

=<

<=

Insert

Create

Update

Add

DDL

DML

DCL

PCL

SELECT * FROM Pupils

SELECT Name, Form FROM Pupils

SELECT * FROM *

SELECT * FROM Forms

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName>'Hansen' AND LastName<'Pettersen'

SELECT LastName>'Hansen' AND LastName<'Pettersen' FROM Persons

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Peter' AND LastName='Jackson'

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName<>'Peter' AND LastName<>'Jackson'

SELECT FirstName='Peter', LastName='Jackson' FROM Persons

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='a'

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName LIKE 'a%'

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='%a%'

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName LIKE '%a'

SELECT [all] FROM Persons WHERE FirstName LIKE 'Peter'

SELECT [all] FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Peter'

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Peter'

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName<>'Peter'

SELECT [all] FROM Persons

SELECT Persons

SELECT * FROM Persons

SELECT *.Persons

ONLY

UNIQUE

DISTINCT

SINGLE

REMOVE TABLE CUSTOMER;

DROP TABLE CUSTOMER;

DELETE TABLE CUSTOMER;

UPDATE TABLE CUSTOMER;

REMOVE FROM CUSTOMER …

DROP FROM CUSTOMER …

DELETE FROM CUSTOMER WHERE …

UPDATE FROM CUSTOMER …