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Worksheets

Language Arts + I.E.L.T.S

Total questions: 176

Worksheet time: 5hrs 49mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What tone is the following sentence.


"I can't believe you didn't pass your exam. I told you that you of all people, needed to study."

a)

judgemental

b)

pessimistic

c)

mocking

d)

remorseful

2.

What tone is the following sentence?


"I'm never going to win the competition, everyone else is so much smarter than me."

a)

judgemental

b)

remorseful

c)

pessimistic

d)

nostalgic

3.

What tone is the following sentence?


"Do you remember when we were kids we always had ice cream at the beach."

a)

compassionate

b)

judgemental

c)

nostalgic

d)

pessimistic

4.

What tone is the following sentence?


"I'm so sorry that you are feeling sick, you should go home and get some rest."

a)

pessimistic

b)

compassionate

c)

remorseful

d)

judgemental

5.

What tone is the following sentence?


"Oh my god, have you seen Tom's new haircut. His hair looks like lego."

a)

compassionate

b)

pessimistic

c)

judgemental

d)

mocking

6.

What tone is the following sentence?


"I'm so sorry for breaking the glass, my bag knocked it as I walked by. Let me help clean the mess."

a)

compassionate

b)

remorseful

c)

pessimistic

d)

mocking

7.

Read the following sentence: "The scientist's groundbreaking discovery was met with widespread acclaim and excitement." What is the tone of this sentence?

a)

Sad

b)

Excited

c)

Angry

d)

Bored

8.

Which word in the following sentence helps convey a positive tone? "The new park is a wonderful addition to our community, providing a beautiful space for families to gather."

a)

New

b)

Wonderful

c)

Space

d)

Families

9.

Read the following statement: "The author claims that the new policy will improve education, but this is just their opinion." Is this statement a fact or an opinion?

a)

Fact

b)

Opinion

c)

Both

d)

Neither

10.

What is the tone of the following sentence? "Despite the challenges, the team remained optimistic about their chances of success."

a)

Pessimistic

b)

Optimistic

c)

Neutral

d)

Indifferent

11.

Which word in the following sentence indicates a negative tone? "The dilapidated building was an eyesore in the otherwise charming neighborhood."

a)

Building

b)

Eyesore

c)

Charming

d)

Neighborhood

12.

Read the following statement: "The report states that the new bridge is 500 meters long." Is this statement a fact or an opinion?

a)

Fact

b)

Opinion

c)

Both

d)

Neither

13.

What is the tone of the following sentence? "The teacher's instructions were clear and concise, making it easy for students to understand."

a)

Confusing

b)

Clear

c)

Angry

d)

Sad

14.

Which word in the following sentence helps convey a tone of urgency? "The firefighters acted swiftly to extinguish the blaze before it spread further."

a)

Swiftly

b)

Extinguish

c)

Blaze

d)

Further

15.

I speak English..........., but I speak Spanish............

a)

good, bad

b)

well, bad

c)

well, badly

d)

good, badly

16.

I have got many ............... group mates

a)

well

b)

amazingly

c)

good

17.

I can't clean my house when it's .............

a)

quietly

b)

noisily

c)

quiet

18.

Tom is a ............... driver

a)

careful

b)

carefully

c)

carefuly

19.

I was upset, because I did so .............. in the exam

a)

bad

b)

badly

c)

good

20.

Tom drove ................, because of the ............. rain

a)

carefully, heavily

b)

careful, heavy

c)

carefully, heavy

21.

Find the adverb which was made from the adjective "FAST"

a)

fastly

b)

fasttly

c)

fast

22.

Find the adverb which was made of the adjective "GOOD"

a)

well

b)

goodly

c)

wellness

23.

I don't play tennis very .................

a)

good

b)

bad

c)

well

24.

People were speaking .................

a)

slow

b)

slowly

c)

Whatever=))))

25.

An _________ is a word that describes someone or something.

a)

adverb

b)

noun

c)

adjective

d)

verb

26.

An _________ is a word that usually describes an action or sometimes describes an adjective and an adverb.

a)

verb

b)

noun

c)

pronoun

d)

adverb

27.

Choose the adjective in this sentence: The girl ran quickly to the funny concert.

a)

funny

b)

quickly

c)

ran

d)

concert

28.

Choose the adverb in this sentence: The girl ran quickly to the funny concert.

a)

funny

b)

ran

c)

quickly

d)

concert

29.

Choose the adverb in this sentence: Mark usually bakes chocolate cookies.

a)

chocolate

b)

usually

c)

bakes

d)

cookies

30.

Choose the adjective in this sentence: Mark usually bakes chocolate cookies.

a)

cookies

b)

chocolate

c)

bakes

d)

usually

31.

Which suffix is often added to a word to create an adverb?

a)

-ly

b)

-ing

c)

-ed

d)

-est

32.

How many adjectives are in this sentence? The young boy found a small blue box near his door...

a)

3

b)

2

c)

1

d)

0

33.

How many adverbs do you see? He carefully but quickly opened the box to see what was inside.

a)

0

b)

2

c)

1

d)

3

34.

What is the difference between adverbs and adjectives? (choose two answers)

a)

They don't have any difference.

b)

Adjectives and adverbs describe nouns and verbs.

c)

Adjectives only describe nouns.

d)

Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

35.

Choose the adverb of frequency.

a)

Always

b)

soon

c)

tomorrow

d)

so

36.

Choose the adverb of time.

a)

Tomorrow

b)

so

c)

next

d)

very

37.

Choose the adverb of place.

a)

very

b)

many

c)

soon

d)

nearby

38.

Choose the adverbe of degree.

a)

yesterday

b)

Very

c)

soon

d)

next

39.

Choose the adverb of manner.

a)

friendly

b)

near

c)

now

d)

tomorrow

40.

I eat eggs every morning for breakfast.

According with the adverb, how often do I eat eggs?

a)

Never

b)

Always

c)

Tomorrow

d)

Soon

41.

The cake tasted good.

What is good? Adjective or adverb?

a)

adverb

b)

adjective

42.

Crazy

Adjective or adverb?

a)

adjective

b)

adverb

43.

Choose the correct sentence.

a)

Garron bought notebooks pencils pens markers and book covers at the back to school sale.

b)

Garron bought notebooks, pencils, pens, markers, and book covers at the back to school sale.

c)

Garron: bought notebooks pencils pens markers and book covers at the back to school sale.

44.

Choose the correct sentence.

a)

Courtney wanted a part in the play, so she auditioned.

b)

Courtney wanted, a part in the play so she auditioned.

c)

Courtney wanted: a part in the play so she auditioned.

45.

Choose the correct answer.

a)

Yes I would like to do the extra-credit assignment for Math, Mr. B.

b)

Yes, I would like to do the extra-credit assignment for Math, Mr. B.

c)

Yes, I would like to do the extra-credit assignment for Math Mr. B.

46.

Choose the correct answer.

a)

There are many places to go skiing near, Killington Vermont.

b)

There are many places to go skiing, near Killington Vermont.

c)

There are many places to go skiing near Killington, Vermont.

47.

Choose the correct sentence.

a)

I thought the school day ended at 1:20, not 1:30.

b)

I thought the school day ended at 1:20 not 1:30.

c)

I thought the school day ended at 1 20 not 1 30.

48.

Choose the correct sentence.

a)

My list for the grocery store includes the following items,

eggs,

milk,

bread.

b)

My list for the grocery store includes the following items:

eggs,

milk,

bread,

c)

My list for the grocery store includes the following items:

eggs

milk

bread

49.

Choose the correct sentence.

a)

Charlotte’s birthday is August 22, 2015, and Izzy’s birthday is

January 15, 2018.

b)

Charlotte’s birthday: is August 22 2015 and Izzy’s birthday is

January 15 2018.

c)

Charlotte’s birthday is August 22, 2015 and Izzy’s birthday is

January 15, 2018.

50.

Choose the correct sentence.

a)

Evan, found socks shoes and an old sandwich under his bed.

b)

Evan found socks, shoes, and an old sandwich under his bed.

c)

Evan found: socks shoes and an old sandwich under his bed.

51.

Choose the correct sentence.

a)

May I help you, Mom, with the laundry?

b)

May, I help you, Mom with the laundry?

c)

May I help you, Mom with the laundry?

52.

Choose the correct sentence.

a)

Well, it was nice to see you Savannah.

b)

Well it was, nice to see you Savannah.

c)

Well, it was nice to see you, Savannah.

53.
Which sentence is punctuated CORRECTLY?
a)
The teacher wrote her lesson plans, graded papers and made out a test. 
b)
The teacher wrote her lesson plans, graded papers, and made out a test. 
54.
Which sentence is punctuated CORRECTLY?
a)
Mrs. Scott, our Texas history teacher, planned our trip to Austin. 
b)
Mrs. Scott, our Texas history teacher planned our trip to Austin. 
55.
Which sentence is punctuated CORRECTLY?
a)
Because we are leaving early, we must check with our teachers about missing homework.
b)
We must check with our teachers about missing homework, because we are leaving early. 
c)
Because, we are leaving early, we must check with our teachers about missing homework. 
56.
Which sentence is punctuated CORRECTLY?
a)
Whenever the movie is over, my mom said she would take us for pizza.
b)
Whenever the movie is over; my mom said she would take us for pizza. 
57.
The students were studying for their history test _____ it covers everything from the 1850's to the present.
a)
comma
b)
colon
c)
semicolon
58.
How is it one careless match can start a forest fire; but it takes a whole box to start a campfire?
Is the semicolon used correctly?
a)
Yes
b)
No
59.
Select the correctly punctuated sentence.
a)
The American flag has three colors; red, white, and blue.
b)
The American flag has three colors: Red, white, and blue.
c)
The American flag has: three colors. Red, white, and blue.
d)
The American flag has three colors: red, white, and blue.
60.
Select the correctly punctuated sentence.
a)
I have been to San Francisco, California, Reno, Nevada, and Seattle, Washington.
b)
I have been to San Francisco California; Reno Nevada; and Seattle Washington.
c)
I have been to San Francisco California, Reno Nevada, and Seattle Washington.
d)
I have been to San Francisco, California; Reno, Nevada; and Seattle, Washington.
61.

There are two kinds of fruit on the table ___ oranges and apples.

a)
b)
c)
d)

no punctuation needed

62.

The artist preferred to paint in oils ___ he did not like water colors.

a)
b)
c)
d)

no punctuation needed

63.

Computers do many calculations at once ___ however, they cannot think.

a)
b)
c)
d)

no punctuation needed

64.

The hill was covered with wildflowers it was a beautiful sight.

a)

The hill was covered with wildflowers, it was a beautiful sight.

b)

The hill was covered with wildflowers; it was a beautiful sight.

c)

The hill was covered with wildflowers: it was a beautiful sight.

d)

The hill was covered with wildflowers it was a beautiful sight.

65.

The artist preferred to paint in oils he did not like watercolors.

a)

The artist preferred to paint in oils he did not like watercolors.

b)

The artist preferred to paint in oils: he did not like watercolors.

c)

The artist preferred to paint in oils, he did not like watercolors.

d)

The artist preferred to paint in oils; he did not like watercolors.

66.

Choose the correct sentence.

a)

Here is what you need to get at the supermarket bananas bread milk and biscuits.

b)

Here is what you need to get at the supermarket: bananas bread milk and biscuits.

c)

Here is what you need to get at the supermarket: bananas, bread, milk, and biscuits.

d)

Here is what you need to get at the supermarket; bananas bread milk and biscuits.

67.

Choose the correct sentence.

a)

Top Gear has three presenters Jeremy Clarkson, James May and Richard Hammond.

b)

Top Gear has three presenters: Jeremy Clarkson, James May and Richard Hammond.

c)

Top Gear has three presenters, Jeremy Clarkson, James May and Richard Hammond.

d)

Top Gear has three presenters; Jeremy Clarkson, James May and Richard Hammond.

68.

Dogs are _____________(intelligent) rabbits.

a)

more intelligent than

b)

intelligenter than

69.

Las Vegas is __________(busy) Redlands.

a)

more busy than

b)

busier than

70.

My garden is __________ (colorful) than this park.

a)

more colorful

b)

colorfuller

71.

Is the North Sea __________ than the Mediterranean Sea?

a)

more big

b)

bigger

72.

Jenny and Jane are the _____ hardworking girls in their class.

a)

most

b)

more

c)

is

73.

"This is the __________ day of our lives!" shouted Mrs. Napoletano's class after completing their tests.

a)

happier

b)

happiest

c)

happy

74.

Of all the students in the class, Justin studied the _________________.

a)

more hard

b)

harder

c)

most hard

d)

hardest

75.

Violet goes to bed _____________ than anyone I know.

a)

the most early

b)

earlier

c)

the earliest

d)

more early

76.

Brooklynn's dog is ______ Yulia's cat.

a)

more friendly than

b)

friendlier than

c)

the most friendly

77.
Tim is ____________.
a)
younger than
b)
the younger
c)
the youngest
d)
the young
78.

My new neighbours are so much..........................my old ones.

a)

more quiet than

b)

quieter than

79.

This dress is...............................than that one.

a)

more nice

b)

nicer

80.

Air pollution in cities is..............................by the seaside.

a)

worse than

b)

worse

c)

badder than

d)

badder

81.

Do you think it's.................................to be funny or be rich?

a)

importanter

b)

more important than

c)

much more important than

d)

more important

82.

I go to the gym (a)   (often) than I used to.

83.

My older daughter works (a)   (hard) than my younger one.

84.

Some people treat the environment (a)   (careful) than others.

85.

My new smartphone (a)   (work/efficiently) than my old phone.

86.

My mum (a)   (drive/carefully) than she used to when she was young.

87.

My camera is better...............

a)

than your

b)

than yours

88.

His car is newer than.....

a)

mine

b)

my

89.

The parcel arrived more quickly.............

a)

than the last one did

b)

than the last one was

90.

Biscuits are lovely, but cakes are..........................

a)

more lovely than

b)

more lovely

91.

My sofa is more comfortable than.......................

a)

her

b)

their

c)

your

d)

theirs

92.

My mum takes more beautiful photos than.................

a)

me

b)

mine

c)

she

d)

hers

93.

You finished the essay more quickly than..............

a)

your

b)

she

c)

her

d)

mine

94.

Write how you read the following number:

1/2

(a)  

95.

Write how you read the following number:

4.6

(a)  

96.

Write how you read the following number:

1850 (number)

(a)  

97.

Put the following words in the correct categories

Categorize the following

quickly

carefully

well

badly

quietly

loudly

lazy

empty

good

bad

crowded

cold

hot

friendly

lively

hard

high

fast

far

late

adverb
adjective
adverb and adjective
98.

Write the comparative form of the following words (adjectives or adverbs)

learning French is (a)   (easy) than learning Russian.

99.

Write the comparative form of the following words (adjectives or adverbs)

surfing is (a)   (exciting) than fishing

100.

Read the information

Then write the comparative form of the following words (adjectives or adverbs)

Spain: 28°

Belgium: 36°

Belgium is (a)   (hot) than Spain.

101.

Read the information

Then write the comparative form of the following words (adjectives or adverbs)

Belgrano: 2

Talleres 0

Talleres is playing (a)   (badly) than Belgrano.

102.

Read the information

Then write the comparative form of the following words (adjectives or adverbs)

Olga's running speed 67 km/h

María's running speed 48 km/h

María runs (a)   (slowly) than olga.

103.

Look at the image

Then write the comparative form of the following words (adjectives or adverbs)

Sydney is (a)   (far) from London than Delhi.

104.

Put the second sentence in order so that it means the same as the first one

Living in the city is more stressful than living in the country.

a)

living in the countryside is

b)

less

c)

stressful

d)

than

e)

living in the city

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
105.

Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first sentence (do not use contractions):

Jack did better in the exam that Paul.

In the exam, Paul did (a)   Jack.

106.

Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first sentence (do not use contractions):

Karen works harder than Lily.

Lily doesn't (a)   Karen

107.

Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first sentence (do not use contractions):

Goods and services now are more expensive now than when I was a child.

When I was a child good and services were (a)   now

108.

Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first sentence (do not use contractions):

She drives more carefully than James.

(use "less")

James drives (a)   her.

109.

Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first sentence (do not use contractions):

My new boss doesn't have as much patience as the old one.

My old boss was (a)   my new boss.

110.

Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first sentence (do not use contractions):

Winters now are colder than in the past.

winters in the past were (a)   now.

111.

Write a full sentence:

Which one is hotter Argentina or Spain?

4 lines
112.

Write a full sentence:

Which has better food Spain or France?

4 lines
113.

Write a full sentence with a comparative:

Compare Argentina and Spain

4 lines
114.

Write a full sentence with a comparative:

Compare study psychology with studying English

4 lines
115.

Write a full sentence with a comparative:

Comparative driving a car with travelling by plane

4 lines
116.

Write a full sentence with a comparative:

Compare working with doing the housework

4 lines
117.

Write a full sentence with a comparative:

Compare Fran with Ignacio

4 lines
118.

The farmer fed the pigs.

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

119.

The black cat

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

120.

on the playground.

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

121.

Isaac played a song on the piano.

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

122.

sat next to the tree.

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

123.

A chameleon sat on a branch.

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

124.

The green chameleon

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

125.

The green chameleon

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

126.

ate a fly.

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

127.

Lora ate waffles for breakfast.

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

128.

Sam walked to the park.

a)

Complete Sentence

b)

Incomplete Sentence

129.

Complete or Incomplete?


ran to the store.

a)

Complete

b)

Incomplete

130.

Complete or Incomplete?


lost his glasses.

a)

Complete

b)

Incomplete

131.

Complete or Incomplete?


Sarah and Jo went to the store.

a)

Complete

b)

Incomplete

132.

Complete or Incomplete?


The dog

a)

Complete

b)

Incomplete

133.

What is the sentence missing?


The dog

a)

Subject

b)

Predicate

134.
Which of the following is a complete sentence?
a)
The icy wind.
b)
The wind fast.
c)
The wind felt icy.
d)
The wind and rain.
135.

Which of the following is a complete sentence?

a)

Suzy and Jacob like.

b)

Suzy reads Jack likes.

c)

Suzy likes reading books.

d)

Suzy and Jacob might like.

136.
Which of the following is a complete sentence?
a)
Because the story is unbelievable.
b)
Unbelievable stories are completely.
c)
The story was completely unbelievable.
d)
The story was almost unbelievable because.
137.

Which of the following is a complete sentence?

a)

The children lunch.

b)

The playing children.

c)

At noon, the playing children.

d)

At noon, the children ate lunch.

138.
Which of the following is a complete sentence?
a)
And six more.
b)
I want six more.
c)
Five or six more.
d)
Because of five more.
139.
Which of the following is a complete sentence?
a)
Bus stop at.
b)
The bus stop.
c)
The bus stopped. 
d)
Because bus stopped.
140.
Which of the following is a complete sentence?
a)
Do man go and?
b)
Do you know if?
c)
Who is man and?
d)
Who is that man?
141.
Which of the following is a complete sentence?
a)
Bee stung the mark Syd.
b)
The mark on Syd's arm was.
c)
Because the stinger in Syd's arm.
d)
The bee stung Syd and left a mark.
142.
Which of the following is a complete sentence?
a)
I read so that.
b)
Reading can be.
c)
I like many books.
d)
As fiction and nonfiction.
143.
Which of the following is a complete sentence?
a)
The best amusement park.
b)
We will go to the amusement park.
c)
Because the amusement park is the.
d)
The amusement park is the because.
144.

What is the subject of the following sentence-

Andrew threw his lunch away before he finished eating everything.

a)

Andrew

b)

lunch

c)

threw

d)

ate

145.

What is a sentence?

a)

a group of words expressing a complete thought

b)

the main word that tells whom or what the sentence is about

c)

the main word that tells what the subject is or does

d)

a group of words that does not express a complete thoought

146.

Which is an incomplete sentence?

a)

My dad is happy.

b)

Max is my friend.

c)

He is six.

d)

Yes, because it says.

147.
Which is a complete sentence?
a)
We visited my family. 
b)
Hit the ball
c)
The big brown dog. 
d)
Made the cake. 
148.
Is the following set of words a complete sentence? "I ran home."
a)
Yes
b)
No
149.
Is the following set of words a complete sentence? "The dog with white spots."
a)
Yes
b)
No
150.
Is the following set of words a complete sentence? "Because of the weather."
a)
Yes
b)
No
151.
Please select the answer that best corrects the following sentence(s): "I wanted to go home. Because it was cold outside."
a)
I wanted to go home, because it was cold outside.
b)
I wanted to go home because it was cold outside.
c)
I wanted to go home and because it was cold outside.
d)
Correct as is.
152.

Which of these is an example of answering in a complete sentence?

a)

It is blue.

b)

Blue.

c)

The color of the sky is blue.

d)

The color blue is what it is.

153.

Which of these is an example of answering in a complete sentence, so you can tell what the question is?

a)

The bald eagle is an apex predator because it is at the top of the food chain.

b)

It is at the top because it is higher up.

c)

Bald eagles fly up in the sky. The sky is blue. Eagles have feathers.

d)

Apex is the word that they use. It is in the picture. It shows what is happening with it. It is flying up high so that is how I know the apex is there.

154.

Answer: 8

What is the question?

a)

What time do you go to sleep?

b)

What is 1/2 of 16?

c)

How many rooms are in the house?

d)

The answer isn't written as a complete sentence, so there's no way to know what the question is.

155.

Answer: Because they wanted to.

What is the question?

a)

Why did Parliament create taxes against the colonists?

b)

Why did Pilgrims sail to the New World?

c)

Why did the Sons of Liberty participate in the Boston Tea Party?

d)

There is no way of knowing, because the answer is not written as a complete sentence.

156.

Answer: Mad because of what happened.

What is the only possible question?

a)

How did Captain Jaggery feel about the mutiny?

b)

How did Charlotte feel about Captain Jaggery?

c)

How did Cranick and the crew feel about Charlotte?

d)

How did Charlotte's dad feel after reading her journal?

e)

The answer isn't written in complete sentences, so it fits with multiple questions.

157.

I don't have ____ papers here.

a)

a

b)

an

c)

some

d)

any

158.

_____ books are interesting.

a)

any

b)

some

c)

A

d)

An

159.

Susan has ___ beautiful cat.

a)

some

b)

a

c)

any

d)

an

160.

My mom has _____ flowers in the garden.

a)

any

b)

some

c)

a

d)

an

161.

My father has __________ extraordinary cool car.

a)

some

b)

any

c)

a

d)

an

162.

I don't have _____ apples in the fridge but I have ____ oranges.

a)

some / any

b)

any / some

c)

an / an

d)

a / a

163.

I have _____ pineapple but I don't have _____ pears for you.

a)

some / a

b)

a / any

c)

a / some

d)

some / some

164.

I have _____ notebooks in my schoolbag , but I don't have _____ ruler.

a)

a / any

b)

some / any

c)

any / some

d)

some / a

165.

There is ________ umbrella in the car.

a)

an

b)

a

c)

any

d)

some

166.

There is __________information about cave houses in this website.

a)

any

b)

a

c)

some

d)

an

167.

She always eats___________ egg for breakfast.

a)

some

b)

an

c)

a

d)

any

168.

There is __________furniture in my bedroom.

a)

some

b)

a

c)

an

d)

any

169.

There are __________ boys in my basquetball team

a)

some

b)

any

c)

a

d)

the

170.

I don't have ___________ money in my wallet

a)

some

b)

any

c)

a

d)

an

171.

Chose the correct one:

a)

I Would like some sugar in my coffee

b)

Is there some sugar in my coffee?

c)

I have a sugar in my coffee

172.

would you like ______________glass of water?

a)

any

b)

a

c)

some

d)

two

173.

Can you buy me _______ pound of sugar, please?

a)

any

b)

an

c)

some

d)

a

174.

we need __________ flour

a)

a

b)

some

c)

any

d)

don't

175.

Chose the correct one.

a)

I'm going to the market to buy a fruit.

b)

I'm going to the market to buy any fruit.

c)

I'm going to the market to buy some fruit.

176.

They can have __________ bread and butter if they're hungry.

a)

any

b)

some

c)

an

d)

a