An individual who starts a business venture, taking on financial risks in pursuit of profit.

A labor organization founded in 1869 that aimed to unite all workers for social reforms like an eight-hour workday, equal pay, and the end of child labor.

A U.S. federal law passed in 1882 prohibiting Chinese immigration to curb competition for jobs during economic downturns.

A reformist social movement beginning in the 1880s, aimed at improving the lives of the urban poor by providing educational and social services, exemplified by institutions like Hull House.

A period in U.S. history during the late 19th century characterized by rapid economic growth, industrialization, and a stark contrast between wealth and poverty.

A national federation of craft unions founded in 1886 under Samuel Gompers, focusing on better wages, hours, and working conditions for skilled workers through collective bargaining.

A corrupt political organization led by William "Boss" Tweed that embezzled millions from New York City through bribery, kickbacks, and fraud during the late 19th century.

Also known as the Haymarket Riot (1886), it was a violent clash between labor protesters advocating for an eight-hour workday and police, resulting in deaths and increased fear of radicalism.

Founder and long-time president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), Gompers shifted union goals toward practical economic issues like wages and working conditions. Who is he?

A legal arrangement where multiple companies are managed as a single entity to reduce competition and control markets.

The practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs, often leading to corruption.

A pseudoscientific theory applying Darwin's concept of "survival of the fittest" to justify social hierarchies, economic inequality, and laissez-faire capitalism.

Founder of Standard Oil, Rockefeller built a near-monopoly in the oil industry through aggressive business practices such as horizontal integration and the creation of the first major U.S. trust.

A nationwide railroad strike in 1894, triggered by wage cuts and high rents in company-owned housing, highlighting tensions between labor and management during the Gilded Age.

A law passed in 1883 that established a merit-based system for federal employment to combat the spoils system.

A strategy where a company controls all stages of production, from raw materials to finished goods (e.g., Carnegie’s steel empire).

Leader of Tammany Hall, Tweed controlled New York City politics through a political machine that combined corruption with assistance to immigrants and the poor. Who was he?

A business strategy where a company controls multiple stages of production within the same industry, from raw materials to finished goods, to increase efficiency and reduce costs (e.g., Carnegie Steel).

A religious movement that applied Christian ethics to social issues like poverty and labor exploitation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.