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WorksheetsTest Bank for Leadership
Total questions: 90
Worksheet time: 45mins
What is the best explanation for so many different definitions of leadership?
scholarly nitpicking about trivial issues
disagreement about what should be included in the definition
little opportunity for rigorous scientific analysis
leadership is a very old topic with centuries of definitions
What is the most common element in definitions of leadership?
Leadership is an authority relationship.
Leadership is the ability to make good decisions.
Leadership is an attribution made by followers.
Leadership is an influence process.
Definitions of leadership ________.
are usually derived by systematic observation of leaders
are only minor variations of the same general description
are important for designing and interpreting research
are pointless because there is no basis for their verification
What process is emphasized in the definition of leadership proposed by Yukl?
influencing followers to have complete trust in the leader
motivating followers to do more than they initially expected
empowering each follower to become self reliant
facilitating collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives
Leadership effectiveness is best assessed ________.
by evaluations from the leader's boss
by subordinate evaluations of the leader
by a variety of subjective and objective criteria
by objective indicators of group performance
Most leadership theories emphasize ________.
leader characteristics
follower characteristics
both leader and follower characteristics
characteristics of the leadership situation
What aspect of leadership has been emphasized most often in leadership theories and research during the past half century?
leader traits and skills
leadership behavior
leader power and authority
the leadership situation
What level of leadership processes is emphasized in most theories of effective leadership?
intra-individual
dyadic
group
organizational
A theory that identifies the essential behaviors for any type of leader is best classified as ________.
descriptive and universal
prescriptive and universal
descriptive and situational
prescriptive and situational
A theory that emphasizes leader traits and skills as determinants of leadership behavior is best categorized at what level?
individual
dyadic
group
organizational
A theory that explains the most effective pattern of leadership behavior in a specified situation is best classified as ________.
descriptive
prescriptive
universal
comprehensive
A theory that describes how changes by top management in the structure and culture of an organization affect the behavior of employees is best described as a ________ theory.
prescriptive
hierarchical
multi-level
complexity
Most of the leadership theory and research has described ________ leadership.
direct
ethical
informal
toxic
A leadership theory that describes relationships among leader traits, behavior, influence processes, outcomes, and situational variables is best classified as ________.
descriptive
integrative
comprehensive
universal
Which is the LEAST accurate statement about the outcomes of leadership actions?
Immediate and delayed outcomes are usually consistent with each other.
Immediate outcomes are easier to predict than end-result outcomes.
Immediate and delayed outcomes are usually interrelated in complex causal chains.
End-result outcomes are less useful as criteria of leadership effectiveness.
Which statement about leaders and managers is MOST accurate according to Yukl?
Managers and leaders are different types of people.
Managing and leading are mutually exclusive and unrelated.
Managing is not important for effective leadership.
Leadership is important for the success of most managers.
The numerous definitions of leadership ________.
are almost identical
overlap a great deal
have nothing in common
differ in many respects
The differences among the various definitions of leadership ________.
are nothing more than scholarly nit-picking
merely express the same criteria in different terminology
reflect deep disagreement about the identification of leaders and leadership processes
reject the assumption that it is a process in which intention influence is exerted over other people
On which assumption do most definitions of leadership agree?
Deliberate influence is exercised over other people.
Influence over others is to be avoided.
Influence should be exerted to punish, not to motivate.
People cannot be influenced to do something they do not wish to do.
Researchers who view leadership as a ________ are more likely to pay attention to the attributes that determine selection of designated leaders.
shared influence process
specialized role
group engagement activity
function that jeopardizes the effectiveness of the group
Which is true of the body of thinking that views leadership as a specialized role?
It suggests that a person in the group cannot perform both leader and follower roles at the same time.
It distinguishes between leader and follower roles.
It does not consider the effects of the leader's behavior on other members of the group.
Less attention is paid to the typical behavior of designated leaders.
Most behavioral scientists and practitioners ________.
dispute that leadership is a useful scientific construct
agree completely on the definition of leadership
have lost interest in the subject of leadership
believe that leadership is a real and important phenomenon
Researchers who consider leadership to be an influence process that occurs within a societal system, diffused among the members, ________.
posit that leadership is best studied as a specialized role
suggest that leadership may only be exhibited informally
believe it is more useful to study leadership as a pattern of relationships
contend that leadership is important for the success of most managers
The ethical use of power ________.
should not limit the definition of leadership
must restrict the type of influence processes that researchers study
is not of concern to most leadership scholars
is not a legitimate concern
Should the domain of leadership processes to study be limited by the leader's intended purpose?
No, because acts of leadership have multiple motives, and it is seldom possible to determine the extent to which they are selfless rather than selfish.
Yes, because leadership only occurs when people are influenced to do what is ethical and beneficial for the organization and themselves.
No, because the actions of a leader are never more detrimental than beneficial for followers.
Yes, because actions motivated solely by a leader's personal needs cannot result in unintended benefits for followers.
Until the 1980s, few theories of leadership recognized the importance of ________ as a basis for influence.
reason
emotion
monetary gain
prestige
The conceptualization of leadership should include ________ processes.
neither rational nor emotional
both rational and emotional
rational but not emotional
emotional but not rational
Which of the following is an example of indirect leadership?
emailing
texting
presenting a speech
cascading
________ leadership is the term used to describe how a chief executive can influence people at lower levels in the organization who do have immediate contact with the leader.
Direct
Indirect
Specialized role
Influence process
Which statement is true in the context of the ongoing controversy about the distinction between management and leadership?
A person cannot be a leader without being a manager.
A person cannot have the job title 'manager' without at least one subordinate to lead.
There is clear agreement on the area of overlap between management and leadership.
Leadership can be viewed as one of several managerial roles.
In this text, leadership is treated as ________.
a specialized role but not a social influence process
a social influence process but not a specialized role
both a social influence process but not a specialized role
neither a specialized role nor a social influence process
In the text, the terms leader, ________ are used interchangeably to refer to people who occupy positions in which they are expected to perform the leadership role, but without any assumptions about their actual behavior or success.
manager, and boss
subordinate, and manager
subordinate, and direct report
staff, and boss
In the text, the term ________ is used to describe a person who acknowledges the focal leader as the primary source of guidance about the work, regardless of how much formal authority the leader actually has over the person.
subordinate
partner
outsider
follower
Conceptions of leader effectiveness ________.
are based on the same criteria
differ from one writer to another
have nothing in common
do not reflect effectiveness in terms of the consequences of influence
Which is an example of a subjective measure of performance?
net profits
return on investment
rating obtained from the leader's superiors
costs in relation to budgeted expenditures
Market share is an example of a(n) ________ measure of performance.
ineffective
objective
subjective
relative
Follower attitudes and perceptions of the leader are ________.
not a common indicator of effectiveness
usually measured with questionnaires or interviews
calculated using sales data
impossible to measure
Which question is NOT related to follower attitudes and perceptions of the leader?
How well does the leader satisfy the needs and expectations of followers?
Do followers perceive the leader to have high integrity?
Has the leader increased the productivity of the followers?
Do followers trust the leader?
Which question concerns measuring leader effectiveness in terms of the leaders' contribution to the quality of group processes, as perceived by followers or outside observers?
Do followers like, respect, and admire the leader?
Have sales figures achieved by followers increased during the leader's tenure?
Are followers likely to resist or subvert the leader's requests?
Does the leader contribute to the efficiency of role specialization?
Which of the following would be MOST relevant to measuring the extent to which a person has had a successful career as a leader?
A leader enhances group cohesiveness.
A leader has a rapid ascent to positions of higher authority.
A leader decreases costs in relation to budgeted expenditures.
A leader improves the quality of work life for followers.
The ________ result of an influence attempt is whether followers are willing to do what the leader asks, but a(n) ________ effect is how well followers actually perform the assignment.
immediate; delayed
delayed; immediate
follower; leader
leader; follower
When the immediate and delayed effects on the same criterion are inconsistent, the immediate outcome ________.
will be positive while the delayed outcome will be even more positive
will be negative while the delayed outcome will be positive
is likely to be identical to the delayed outcome
may be very different from the delayed outcome
Which is the most common method used to study leadership effectiveness?
descriptions of leader actions and decisions from observation and diaries, and critical incidents
examination of social networks within organizations
questionnaires filled out by subordinates and other people who interact with the leader
experiments in which researchers assess effects of different patterns of leader behavior on group processes and outcomes
The use of multiple methods for studying leadership ________.
is the norm among researchers today
tends to be more common than using one familiar, well-accepted method
minimizes the limitations of a single method
muddles the research results and is therefore ineffective
________ can be content analyzed to identify behavior used by effective and ineffective leaders.
Biographies of famous leaders
Questionnaires filled out by leaders themselves
Videos that show different patterns of leadership behavior
Fictional accounts of group behavior
Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of variables that are relevant for understanding leadership effectiveness?
characteristics of leaders
characteristics of followers
characteristics of industries
characteristics of situations
________ is an example of the "characteristics of the situation" key variable.
Skills and expertise
National cultural values
Influence tactics
Task commitment and effort
Confidence and optimism is a characteristic of which key variable(s) in leadership theories?
characteristics of the leader
characteristics of the followers
characteristics of the situation
characteristics of both the leader and the followers
Most leadership theories emphasize ________ as the primary basis for explaining effective leadership.
one category more than the others
two categories, equally
two categories, with one featured more prominently,
all three categories
Which of the following is NOT one of the five approaches into which the theories and empirical research reviewed in the text are classified?
trait approach
behavior approach
nature-nurture approach
power-influence approach
The ________ approach emphasizes attributes of leaders such as personality, motives, values, and skills.
behavior
trait
power-influence
situational
The ________ approach began in the early 1950s after many researchers became discouraged with the ________ approach and began to pay closer attention to what managers actually do on the job.
behavior; trait
power-influence; situational
trait; behavior
situational; power-influence
The most common research method in the behavior approach has been a ________.
laboratory experiment
field experiment
critical incident
survey field study
In the power-influence approach, power is viewed as ________.
valuable only for the degree to which it influences subordinates
essential for influencing industry trends
important for influencing subordinates as well as peers, superiors, clients, and suppliers
secondary to other leader behaviors including tireless energy and penetrating intuition
Charismatic and transformational leadership ________.
emphasize leader and follower values as well as leader behavior
highlight the importance of contextual factors that influence leader behavior
explain leadership effectiveness in terms of the amount and type of power possessed by a leader
emphasize personality, motives, values, and skills
Theories of ethical leadership, authentic leadership, servant leadership, and spiritual leadership all view leader ________ as the foundation for the leader's goals and behaviors and their impact on followers.
behaviors
traits
values
situations
Leadership can be described as a(n) ________ process involving leader interaction with one subordinate.
intra-individual
dyadic
group
organizational
Which is a typical research question for the intra-individual level of conceptualization?
How do leaders make decisions about competitive strategy and external initiatives?
How is leadership shared in the group or team?
How does a leader influence subordinate motivation and task commitment?
How are leaders influenced by role expectations and constraint?
At which level of conceptualization is the research question, "How leaders influence the shared mental models of team members?"
intra-individual
dyadic
group
organization
As compared to ________ theories of leadership, ________ theories usually provide a better explanation of financial performance by an organization.
dyadic or group-level; organization-level
organization-level or group-level; dyadic
dyadic or organization-level; group-level
organization-level or group-level; intra-individual
Most leadership theories emphasize the characteristics and actions of the ________.
follower without much concern for leader characteristics
leader without much concern for follower characteristics
follower and the leader equally
follower, the leader, and the industry equally
________ describes how followers view a leader's influence on events and outcomes.
Empowerment theory
Attribution theory
The leader substitute theory
The emotional contagion theory of charisma
Empowerment theory describes how followers view their ability to ________.
follow leadership requests and commands
influence other followers
influence important events
manage their own responsibilities
Sharing of leadership functions among the members of a group are emphasized in which type of theories?
leader substitutes
empowerment
emotional contagion theories of charisma
self-managed groups
Theories that focus almost exclusively on either the leader or the follower are ________ than theories that offer a more even-handed explanation.
less useful
more useful
more realistic
less inclusive
Prescriptive theories ________.
identify necessary conditions for using a particular type of behavior effectively
explain leadership processes
describe the typical activities of leaders
explain why certain behaviors occur in particular situations
Which statement regarding descriptive theories is NOT true?
They specify what leaders must do to become effective.
They describe the typical activities of leaders.
They explain why certain behaviors occur in particular situations.
They explain leadership processes.
When a wide discrepancy exists between what leaders typically do and what they should do to be most effective, a prescriptive theory is ________.
inapplicable
less valuable than a descriptive theory
especially useful
not the optimal one
69) A theory that explains how leader behavior varies from one situation to another would be described as ________ theory.
A) a prescriptive universal
B) a descriptive universal
C) a prescriptive contingency
D) a descriptive contingency
70) Which statement about contingency theories is true?
A) They describe an aspect of leadership that applies to all types of situations.
B) They describe aspects of leadership that apply to some situations but not to others.
C) They can simultaneously be descriptive and prescriptive.
D) They can be descriptive but not prescriptive.
71) Research indicates that leadership is best defined as a specialized role rather than as a social process or a pattern of relationships.
FALSE
TRUE
72) The best approach for understanding leadership is to examine rational cognitive processes, because emotional processes are too unreliable to include.
FALSE
TRUE
73) The assumption underlying the trait approach to studying leadership is that some people are natural leaders who are endowed with certain traits not possessed by other people.
FALSE
TRUE
74) The behavior approach to studying leadership includes studies of what managers actually do on the job.
FALSE
TRUE
75) The power-influence research examines influence processes between leaders and other people.
FALSE
TRUE
76) The study of influence tactics can be viewed as a bridge linking the power-influence approach and the behavior approach.
FALSE
TRUE
77) A contingency theory describes some aspect of leadership that applies to some situations but not to others.
FALSE
TRUE
78) An integrative approach to studying leadership is an approach that involves more than one leadership construct.
FALSE
TRUE
79) Dyadic processes involve the relationship between a leader and another individual who is usually a subordinate or another type of follower.
FALSE
TRUE
80) A theory that explains what leaders must do to be effective is called a descriptive theory.
FALSE
TRUE
81) Definitions of leadership have much in common, with little variation.
FALSE
TRUE
82) Researchers who have a very broad definition of leadership are less likely to discover things that are unrelated to or inconsistent with their initial assumptions about effective leadership.
FALSE
TRUE
83) People who are forced or manipulated into doing something can never become committed to the coerced course of action.
FALSE
TRUE
84) Sending memos and having face-to-face meetings with small groups of employees are examples of direct influence.
FALSE
TRUE
85) A person without a managerial job title cannot be a leader.
FALSE
TRUE
86) Ratings from a leader's superiors, peers, or subordinates are subjective measures of effectiveness.
FALSE
TRUE
87) Absenteeism can be construed as an indirect indicator of dissatisfaction toward a leader.
FALSE
TRUE
88) One example of an objective measure of a leader's effectiveness is productivity.
FALSE
TRUE
89) The distinction between universal and contingency theories of leadership is a sharp dichotomy.
FALSE
TRUE
90) Classifying leadership theories in terms of level of conceptualization means describing a leader's influence on others.
FALSE
TRUE
