Lisa does not attempt to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket believing it is gone.

Betsy believes that grass grows out of the ground in order to cushion her if she falls when she is playing outside.

Dimitri is only able to focus on one aspect of a problem which makes it impossible for him at this age to master conservation tasks.

Tom’s older sister is playing a game with him. She hides the ball that they are playing with behind her back, and Tom quickly loses interest in the game. He makes no attempt to look for the ball, but instead picks up another toy that is close by.

Bob is asked, “Do you have a brother?” He replies, “Yes, his name is Joe.” Next Bob is asked, “Does Joe have a brother?” Bob answers, “No.”

When Matthew saw his older brother’s bicycle fall off of its kick stand, Matthew told his brother that the bicycle must be tired and is now taking a nap.

Mrs. Pearson cut Judy’s hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia’s into six pieces. Sylvia does not get upset because she correctly realizes that even though it looks like Judy got a larger portion, they are both eating the same amount of food.

Gerard watched as a researcher placed five toy station wagons and three toy convertibles on a table. The research asked him if there were more station wagons or more cars, and Gerard correctly answered that there were more cars.

Gretchen assumes that the car is moving because she is inside of it.

A five-year-old girl makes the argument that her kindergarten class has more boys than children.

Alex, a preschooler, cannot recognize that if 8 - 5 = 3, then 3 + 5 = 8.

John is considering potential career routes that he might take later in life. He carefully assesses the positive and negative aspects of each option, and speculates about the possible outcomes of each career path before he makes his decision.

Byron is planning to ask his parents if he can borrow their car on Friday night. He is thinking about all of the possible reasons that they might bring up for not letting him use the car, and thinking of a logical reply to each of these possible objections.

Gretchen watches her preschool teacher form two identical balls of modeling clay. The teacher gives one of the balls to Gretchen, and then squashes the remaining ball into a flat pancake. She asks Gretchen if they both have the same amount of clay, and Gretchen confidently states that the teacher has more clay because the pancake looks bigger than the ball.

Four-year-old Emily’s older brother taught her how to catch a beach ball by positioning her hands a certain distance apart. When Emily later learned to catch a smaller tennis ball by adjusting the distance between her hands she used this process.

During a class discussion Else and Beatriz discuss the possible outcomes if a particular candidate were to be elected as President of the United States.

Denisha who is 17 months old learned to call her family dog a “woof woof”. Her parents were surprised when she pointed to a cow and said “woof woof”.

When 3-year-old Eli plays a game checkers are her cookies, papers are her dishes, a box is the table, and so on. What stage of cognition is being represented?

When children can answer both if there are more chips than marbles and if there are more blue chips than red chips they have mastered which concept?

Jake looks at a string of plastic beads; six are white and ten are blue. Jake is asked how many white beads there are and answers correctly. He is then asked how many plastic beads there are and answers 10.

Carrie can solve the equation x-6x-16 = 0

Kang loves to play peek-a-boo. He laughs when someone puts a blanket over his face and then pulls it away.

Paolo sees a piece of ribbon tied in a bow. She unties the bow and stretches the ribbon to its full length. Her mother asks her which one is longer- the ribbon in the bow or the ribbon stretched out. Paolo answers that they are the same.

John does not understand when his mother tells him that his dad is her husband. He also says things like, “I don’t live in the USA; I live in Wisconsin.”