To produce a lateral consonant, the only way for the air to escape is along the sides of the tongue.

"Dark l" has a quality rather similar to an /u/ vowel, with the back of the tongue raised.

If the final syllable of a two-syllable verb contains ou, it is stressed.

/t/ becomes post- alveolar in try by the influence of /r/.

/t/ becomes labio-dental in not that by the influence of /ð/

Phonetically, j and w are like consonants.

Both assimilation and elision are typical of rapid, casual speech.

Stress can be seen from the point of view of production and of perception.

The four factors participating in making a syllable prominent are loudness, length, pitch and quality.

Intonation can change a statement into a question simply by changing the tone from raising to falling.

In sentences with a more complex structure, tone-unit boundaries are often found at phrase and clause boundaries.

If the second syllable of a two-syllable verb contains a long vowel or diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant, it is stressed.

If the final syllable of a three-syllable adjective contains a long vowel, or a diphthong, the stress will be placed on the first syllable.

Intonation is the pattern of pitch changes that occurs over a phrase which may be a complete sentence.

The four functions of intonation are: attitudinal function, accentual function, grammatical function and semantic function.

The number of intervening unstressed syllables decide the times from each stressed syllable to the next.

Assimilation does not have anything to do with vowels.

All sequences of plosive plus fricative are affricatives.

Fricatives are continuant consonants.

Diphthongs sounds consist of a movement or a glide from one consonant to another

/v, ð, z, ʒ/ are lenis consonants.

Pitch and loudness are more powerful factors than length and quality in making a syllable prominent.

There are two levels of stress: Primary stress and secondary stress.

The articulations of both vowels and consonants are accompanied by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract.

Cartilage is a material similar to bone but less hard.

The larynx’s structure is made of three large cartilages.

Trachea is the way join with the larynx for where the air passes when we breathe.

The production of English vowel sounds does not have to do with the nasal cavity.

A monophthong is a pure vowel sound which is pronounced without changing the position of the organs of speech throughout the duration of the vowel.

Without the narrow passage for the air, no fricative can be produced.

/f, θ, s, ʃ/ are lenis consonants.

A syllable-final fortis consonant shortens a preceding vowel.

Vowel sounds are voiced

Only tongue and lips are needed in the production of vowel sounds.

The first part of all the English diphthongs is much longer and stronger than the second part.

Outside the box made by two cartilages are the vocal cords.

The vocal cords are two thick flaps of muscle rather like a pair of lips.

Narrow transcription is used to indicate different phonemes.

Glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.

There are 3 states of glottis: wide apart, narrow glottis and vocal folds tightly closed

In hold phase, the articulators used to form the stricture are moved so as to allow air to escape.

Phonetic transcription uses the only distinctive sounds of a language.

Fricatives are produced when air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing sound (like ‘s’).

In the production of English vowels, the passage through which the air travel is wide.

The root of the mouth can be divided into three parts: hard palate, soft palate, and velum.

According to the rule of elision, after p, t, k no weak vowel is pronounced.

In closure phase, the articulator or articulators move to form the stricture for the plosive.

Glottis is the closing between the vocal cords.

Vibration is caused when the vocal cords are brought close to each other.

Affricates begin as plosives and end as fricatives.

Plosives are produced when air escapes through a small passage.

The soft palate function in producing voiced or voiceless sounds.

The vocal cords functions in producing oral or nasal sounds.

To produce nasal sounds, the soft palate must be raised .

Plosives are produced by a complete closure at some point in the vocal tract .

Affricates are produced by a complete closure at some point in the mouth.

When describing the sounds p and b as bilabial, we mean to classify them in terms of manners of articulation

When the sounds m and n are called nasal, we mean to classify them in terms of place of articulation.

Lateral consonant is produced when a partial closure is made at some point in the mouth.

If the air is allowed to escape on only one side of the contact, no lateral sound is made.

Oral sounds are produced when the soft palate is lowered.

Phonemic transcription is used to indicate different allophones.

Phonetic transcription is also called narrow transcription.

The term ‘broad’ is used meaning that this kind of transcription is more popularly used than the so called narrow transcription.

/w/,/r/, and /j/ are vowel-like as they sound like vowels and consonant-like in terms of articulation.

One of the main organs used in producing speech is the trachea.

There is not a complete closure at some point in the mouth in the production of nasal sounds.

When /t/ and /d/ are produced, a closure is made between the tip and rims of the tongue and the upper alveolar and side teeth .

When /k/ and /g/ are produced, a closure is made between the tongue blade and the soft palate.

There is friction when the air escapes in the production of affricates,

The friction noise is made by the narrowing between the vocal folds when producing /h/

Hard palate is one of the seven speech organs.

One of the very prominent characters making fricatives is compressed air

The vocal cords can help obstructing the airflow by being brought close to each other.

We call /i:/ as monophthong and /ai/ as diphthong basing on the time amount for production.

Vowel sound can be described in terms of auditory relationship that is there not contacts or strictures which we can feel with any precision.

/ ʒ, ʃ, dʒ, tʃ/ are palato- alveolar.

/l/ is produced with a partial closure at some point in the mouth.

In the production of all consonant sounds except nasal sounds, the soft palate is raised and the nasal resonator shut off.

The four essential factors: loudness, quality, pitch, and length of time are always needed in making a syllable prominent.

The so called ‘neighboring sounds’ in assimilation is only understood as the final sound of the first word with the initial sound of the second word.

1. When that said is pronounced /ðæs sæd/, it is called assimilation of place.

1.Phonetic transcription is used to indicate the distinctive sounds in English.