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Worksheets#11 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Quiz
Total questions: 23
Worksheet time: 27mins
Describe the characteristics of pediatric clients that affect their ability to adapt to fluid loss or gain.
Define common renal and urinary disorders that occur in children.
Describe the various factors that contribute to the urinary tract infections in infants and children.
Discuss the preoperative preparation of the child and parents when the child has structural defect of the urinary tract.
Demonstrate an understanding of the causes of mechanisms of edema formation and nephritic syndrome.
Contrast the causes, complications, and management of acute and chronic renal failure.
What are the therapeutic management steps for mild diarrhea?
Oral rehydration solutions such as Pedialyte in small amounts on a regimen
Breastfeeding should continue for breastfed infants
Probiotics may be administered
Loperamide or kaolin and pectin to halt diarrhea
What are the clinical manifestations of severe diarrhea?
Temperature is often as high as 103° to 104°F
Both pulse and respirations are weak and rapid
The skin is pale and cool
Infants may appear apprehensive, listless, and lethargic
What are the causes of vomiting?
Acute infectious diseases
Increased intracranial pressure
Toxic ingestions
Food intolerances and allergies
What are the clinical manifestations associated with vomiting?
Fever and diarrhea accompanying vomiting suggest an infection
Constipation associated with vomiting suggests an obstruction
Localized abdominal pain and vomiting often occur with appendicitis
Forceful vomiting is associated with pyloric stenosis
What is the therapeutic management for vomiting?
Detection and treatment of the cause of vomiting
Oral rehydration or parenteral fluids may be required
Antiemetic drugs may be indicated
Small frequent feeding or foods are preferable
What are the nursing care management steps for vomiting?
Emphasis on the observation and reporting of vomiting symptoms
Accurate assessment of the type of vomiting
Establish proper techniques through teaching
Monitor fluid and electrolytes status
What are the clinical manifestations of acute glomerulonephritis?
Oliguria, edema, low-grade fever, abdominal pain
Hypertension and circulatory congestion
What are the clinical manifestations of acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)?
Oliguria, edema, low grade fever, abdominal pain
Hypertension and circulatory congestion
Hematuria - tea-colored, reddish-brown, or smoky urine
Proteinuria, anorexia, vomiting, orthopnea
Cerebral ischemia - encephalopathy with symptoms of headache, irritability, seizures, vomiting, coma or lethargy
What are the diagnostic evaluations for acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)?
Urinalysis - contain WBC, epithelial cells, and hyaline granular, RBC
Blood analysis - lowered blood protein
Specific gravity becomes elevated
ESR, BUN, and creatinine in blood increase
What is the therapeutic management for acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)?
Oxygen administration
Antibiotic therapy
Diuretics - furosemide
Keep the child in semi-fowlers position
Antihypertensive therapy
What are the clinical manifestations of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)?
Mild periorbital edema occurs early
Microscopic hematuria is present resulting in tea-colored urine
Abrupt with flank or mid abdominal pain, irritability, malaise, and fever
Many children are asymptomatic
Edema may progress in severity to cause pulmonary congestion or ascites
What are the diagnostic evaluations for acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)?
Serum BUN and creatinine concentrations are elevated
Serum protein is decreased as a result of mild or moderate proteinuria
WBC and ESR may be elevated
Anti–DNAse B titer is helpful for detecting antibodies
An elevated antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer reflects the presence of antibodies
What are the therapeutic management strategies for acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)?
Relief of symptoms and supportive therapy
Bed rest is a key component of the treatment plan
Edema, mild to moderate hypertension
Diuretics such as furosemide
A course of antibiotics to ensure eradication of the original infectious agent
What are the clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome?
Edema, massive proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, and altered immunity
Secondary nephrotic syndrome results from a systemic disease, drugs, or toxins
What are the diagnostic evaluations for nephrotic syndrome?
History and clinical manifestations in children between the ages of 2 and 8 years
Total serum protein concentration is low
Massive proteinuria (higher than 2+ on urine dipstick)
The GFR is usually normal or high
Hemoglobin and hematocrit are usually normal or elevated
What are the objectives of therapeutic management for nephrotic syndrome?
Reducing excretion of urinary protein
Reducing fluid retention in the tissues
Preventing infection
Minimizing complications related to therapies
What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome?
Infection, circulatory insufficiency secondary to hypovolemia, and thromboembolism
Peritonitis, cellulitis, and pneumonia
