A 50 years old man with a recent diagnose of diabetes melitus present with severe, suddent onset right lower extremity pain followed by he has some atrophy of his right quadriceps and tibialis anterior, dense right sensory loss to all modalities in his right leg, and absent pattelar and achiles dan ribil, perineal dan tibialisama and tibial motor responses, and diffuse increased do to spontaneous activity intermixed with enlarged motor unit potensials both distally and promally

Seorang laki-laki 50 tahun dengan riwayat 15 tahun bilateral tremor tangan (kanan lebih berat dari kiri) yang memberat saat bergerak, seperti menulis. Alkohol mengurangi tremor. Pasien tidak didapatkan rigiditas dan resting tremor. Propnolol mereduksi tremor, tetapi adanya efeksamping membatasi penggunaan tersebut. Apa diagnose yang paling mungkin

Pasien laki-laki usia 50 tahun Riwayat kecelkaan lalu lintas 2 bulan yang lalu. Pasien mengalami fraktur humerus dan dilakukan operasi ORIF. Saat ini pasien… lokasi penyebab kelainan tersebut?

A 14-year-old female presents with progressive difficulty writing. An MRI (figure) shows multiple nodular areas running along the cervical nerve roots and brachial pleksus. Examination of her eyes also shows iris hamartomas. What is the most likely diagnosis(?)

Which form of systemic cancer therapy is associated with an increased risk of radiation necrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral metastases?

What infant skull deformity is depicted in these films?

. Laki-laki usia 45 tahun menjalani operasi dengan pendekatan subtemporal untuk kasus tumor dengan elevasidura dari lantai fossa media dan tulang petros (?) reseksi tumor. Tindakan apa yang dapat membantu ahli bedah menyelesaikan masalah ini

A pericallosal aneurysm would be found at which location on the lateral projection angiogram shown?

A 42 year old male presents with a 5 year history of Parkinson disease (PD) with severe motor fluctuations. What would be his expected benefit from deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery:

Parkinsonian tremor can be diminished by high frequency stimulation of:

Seorang laki-laki berusia 39 tahun datang dengan riwayat kesemutan selama 6 bulan di jari-jari dan kakinya dalam beberapa bulan terakhir. Pada pemeriksaan fisik ditemukan nyeri dan kehilangan sensasi suhu sesuai cape-like pattern di ekstremitas atas. Ekstremitas atas lemah di distal 4/5, dan refleksnya secara umum sedikit meningkat dengan respons ekstensor plantar bilateral. MRI seperti pada gambar. Apa manejemen yang tepat untuk pasien?

Pada saat melakukan pendekatan pterional, Anterior loop pada arteri karotis interna terletak pada dasar dari triangle:

Pasien laki-laki 45 tahun dengan keluhan gangguan pendengaran sejak 4 bulan yang lalu. Dari pemeriksaan MRI didapatkan gambaran seperti pada gambar 1. pernyataan di bawah ini yang salah berdasarkan MRI yang ditunjukkan...

Pasca operasi setelah C3/4 ACDF, seorang pasien merasakan penurunan keringat di sat sisi wajahnya, dan kelopak mata sedikit turun di sisi yang sama.

A patient with a history of left trigeminal neuralgia has undergone a percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy, which gave her 2 years of pain relief. This was followed by stereotactic radiosurgery of the trigeminal nerve root, resulting in absence of her lancinating pain. She now has new left facial pain that is constant and aching. On examination, her left face is anesthetic to light touch and pinprick. What is her diagnosis?

Pasien perempuan 35 tahun dengan burst fracture L1 pasca kecelakaan lalu lintas. Berikut ini karakteristik yang dapat memprediksi instrumentasion failure short segment:

Seorang laki-laki 28 tahun kurus dengan nyeri leher kronis dengan nyeri tumpul pada lengan kiri dan secara lambat progresif kehilangan massa otot di tangan. hipestesi pada bagian medial dari lengan bawah dan tangan. Sensasi pada distribusi nervus median berkurang. Valsava maneuver tidak meningkatkan keluhan. Berguna untuk menegakkan diagnosis?

What is An 8-year-old girl presents with obstructive triventricular hydrocephalus requiring endoscopic exploration of the ventricular system. What is the most appropriate site for surgical fenestration?) most appropriate site for surgical fenestration?

A 37-year-old man presents with seizures. Which one of the following is NOT thought to increase risk?

Pasien laki-laki, usia 5 tahun, dengan keluhan gangguan berjalan sejak 3 bulan yang lalu. Pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan MRI dan didapatkan seperti pada gambar..Manakah subtype yang memiliki prognosis paling baik?

Pasien perempuan 38 tahun dengan keluhan kedutan pada wajah sisi kanan sejak 5 tahun yang lalu. Saat berkedut terlihat pipi dan mulut pasien sisi kanal books. Saat tidur kedutan dikatakan suami pasien tidak hilang..Pemeriksaan lanjutan terbaik untuk evaluasi pasien ini adalah...

Saat melakukan carotid endarterectomy, urutan oklusi pembuluh darah yang tepat adalah...

Laki-laki berusia 21 tahun mengeluhkan nyeri leher selama 1 tahun. Pasien menyangkal adanya riwayat trauma baru. Pasien menyadari adanya episode intermiten dari gait imbalance dan kesulitan untuk melepas pakaian dalam 3 bulan terakhir. Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan kekuatan normal pada keempat ekstremitas dan hiper-refleksi pada patellar tendon. Radiografi pada posisi netral dan fleksi masih menunggu hasil..Manakah tatalaksana yang paling tepat?

Pasien laki-laki 60 tahun dengan keluhan kelemahan sisi kiri mendadak 1 jam yang lalu.. Pemeriksaan imaging terbaik yang adalah?

. A 66-year old male with a history of ACDF performed 3 months ago presented with a 6 week history of fever, dysphagia, and neck pain. The patient was neurologicallay intact. MR imaging is consistent with cervical osteomyelitis and reveals a retropharyngeal abscess..What test is most helpful to diagnose the source of the infection?

During resection of a WHO grade II insular glioma,.What white matter language tracts run through the tumor and under the insula?

You are seeing an adult patient who underwent left groin cannulation three weeks ago for cerebral angiography. They developed weakness and numbness and anteromedial leg numbness going down to the ankle. Electrodiagnostic studies reveal absent motor and sensory potentials in the femoral nerve, and EMG sampling of the lumbar paraspinal muscle is normal.Where is the most likely site of injury?

In the statin therapy trial for the prevention of ischemic stroke, the therapy showed a decrease in mortality from 12% to 8% over 5 years. Compared to standard therapy, how many patients are needed to prevent one death in 5 years?

The endoscopic suturectomy procedure for a patient with the CT image shown, followed by helmet therapy, will have the best cosmetic outcome if performed at what age?

A 50-year-old man experiences frequent recurrent pain on the left side of his throat, near his tonsils. He says that this feels like a hot poker. Assuming a radiographic evaluation is unrevealing, which of the following is the first line of therapy?

What is the maximal total dose of IV rtPA that can be administered for acute ischemic stroke?

A 31-year-old man presents with back pain and erectile dysfunction. An MRI is performed. Which of the following statements is key for further management?

Which one of the following is a reasonable guide for weight increments used in cervical traction with Gardener Wells tongs?

A 75-year-old left-handed woman comes to the emergency room with a suspected stroke. There is no recent history of infection. What is the most appropriate next step?

This lumbosacral spine MRI is from a 23-year-old woman who presented with severe low back pain radiating to her right leg. Which nerve root is affected?

A 64-year-old man presents with severe headache and visual disturbances. A CT scan shows a mass in the sella without acute abnormalities. What is the most important next management step?

A 70-year-old male presents with personality changes, gait instability, bradykinesia, slurring of speech, and difficulty moving the eyes. Which imaging feature is most consistent with the diagnosis?

According to AHA guidelines for early ischemic stroke management, IV PA should be administered within what time frame after the onset of symptoms?

A 10-year-old patient with a history of myelomeningocele closure at birth and shunted hydrocephalus presents with headache and back pain. What condition is likely?

An 11-month-old female with a history of myelomeningocele repair and VP shunt placement presents with new stridor and vocal cord paralysis. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 48-year-old woman fell on her outstretched right arm. On exam, she had no soft tissue or bony injuries. She subsequently developed severe burning pai… (?)excess sweating in the hands, tremor, and scaly skin in the hands..What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 42 year-old man undergoes resection of this tumor (Figure 1). The immunohistochemistry for BRAF V600E mutation is shown (Figure 2).What is the most likely diagnosis?

Pasien anak usia 15 tahun dengan gangguan keseimbangan dan berialan sempoyongan sejak 1 bulan yang lalu. Pasien dilakukan MRI didapatkan seperti gambar berikut, apa strategi yang tepat dilakukan untuk pasien ini?

Laki-laki 23 tahun mengalami kecelakaan motor dengan didapati penurunan GCS dari 15 ke 8. Pemeriksaan neurologis didapatkan hemiparesis sinistra dan pupil dilatasi sisi kanan .What is the initial management for the patient?

During lateral osteophyte removal in an anterior decompressive discectomy, you encounter brisk bleeding in the region of the nerve root. What is the best management for brisk bleeding?

Pasien perempuan 52 tahun dengan keluhan sakit kepala, dan hemiparesis sejak 4 jam yang lalu. CT scan dilakukan 2 jam pasca onset . Penatalaksaan pada pasien tersebut?

An otherwise healthy 68-year-old woman presents with 1 week Routine blood work including complete blood count, was normal. Her brain magnetic resonance image is shown, including T1 post contrast and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images. What is the appropriate management of her symptoms?

Pasien dikonsulkan ke bedah saraf untuk penatalaksanaan tumor CPA. Dari pemeriksaan didapatkan kelemahan sisi kanan wajah. Pasien tidak dapat menggerakan dahi sisi kanan, tidak dapat menutup mata sempurna, dan terdapat asimetri mulut ketika tersenyum. Klasifikasi House Brackmann pasien?

During endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery, which of the following vascular structures is most likely to be injured?

. A 16 year old male with NF1 presents for follow-up 4 years after a diagnosis of a low-grade optic pathway glioma. After initial progression during early puberty, the tumor has been radiographically stable, no visual decline.What is the visual prognosis and need for follow-up?

Sisterna apakah yang di dalamnya terdapat arteri koroidalis anterior, arteri posterior serebri, arteri koroidalis posterior medial, dan basal vein Rosenthal?

Which is the cardinal motoric symptom of Parkinson's disease most likely to be treated with DBS?

Laki-laki berusia 24 tahun datang ke IGD pasca terjatuh dari tangga. CT scan terlampir. Tatalaksana yang paling tepat adalah

Pasien perempuan 53 tahun dating dengan keluhan gangguan koordinasi saat berjalan dan sering didapatkan hiperestesa pada lengan, kekuatan motoric ekstremitas atas 5/4, kekuatan motoric ekstremitas bawah 5/5. Pendekatan untuk operasi pada pasien

Which of the following is the most accurate regarding the placement of thoracic pedicle screws?

A 23-year-old female patient presents with weakness on the right side of her body. DSA results are attached. Where is the pathology located in this patient?

The endoscopic view (ETV) shows the location for performing ventriculostomy in the third ventricle...

With respect to microsurgical resection of vestibular schwannomas, when the facial nerve loses intraoperative proximal electrical responsiveness, what factor is the most predictive of facial nerve recovery postoperatively?

A 65-year-old woman on warfarin for her chronic atrial fibrillation has been diagnosed with an intracerebral hemorrhage after presenting to the emergency. Her INR was found to be 6. What is the best next step in the management of the patient?

After resection of a lymph node biopsy in the neck, a 27-year-old bank manager experiences instability in his shoulder. During surgery, he suffered damage to which nerve?

A 16-year-old boy presents with headaches, nausea, and blurred vision. His neurological examination is remarkable for impaired upgaze and convergence nystagmus. Contrast MRI was shown. Serum beta HCG and AFP levels are normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Berapakah Fisher score pada perdarahan subarachnoid CT scan di gambar?

What is the best method to screen for cervical spine injury in the unconscious, intubated multitrauma patient?

You are evaluating a 45-year-old man who experienced a first-time seizure; subsequent MRI was performed and is demonstrated below. What would be useful during surgical resection of this mass?

After being struck in the head, a 12-year-old boy presents with a scalp laceration over a palpable skull deformity. A CT scan is obtained. His GCS is 14. What is the most appropriate management for this injury?

The axillary nerve arises from which of the following structures?

When placing bicortical sacral pedicle screws, which structure is at most risk with a laterally placed screw that perforates the anterior cortex?

A 13 year old patient presents with a 5 week history of progressively worsening AM headaches…(?) for this patient is which of the following?

A 9-year-old male presented to his pediatrician with headaches and growth delay. He was found to have tumor in the region of the sella. Histology is shown

When undertaking a trans-callosal approach for resection of a colloid cyst of the third ventricle, which of the following structures is the most useful landmark?

A 35-year-old female underwent microscopic transsphenoidal resection of a non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma. Post operative MRI demonstrates residual tumor in the right sinus cavernosus lateral to the ICA. She has no neurological deficits. Which is the most appropriate next step?

A 45-year-old male presents with seizures and headaches. MRI reveals a large, non-enhancing, T2 hyperintense lesion in the right frontal lobe. A resection

Perempuan 29 tahun pasca kecelakaan motor. Dari pemeriksaan didapatkan hemiparesis sinistra, dan pupil kanan dilatasi tidak reaktif. CT scan kepala didapatkan sebagai berikut. apa rencana tatalaksana untuk pasien tersebut?

Parkinson’s triangle on the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus is bounded by which two cranial nerves or cranial nerves divisions?

A 45-year-old female presents with WFNS grade I Subarachnoid hemorrhage on evening. Vascular imaging reveals a 1.2cm left supraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurism. The operating neurosurgeon specialized in functional neurosurgery and elect to perform the clipping the following morning as there is no aneurysm surgeon available for a further 36 h. During the dissection around the aneurysm, an intraoperative rupture struggle to obtain proximal control leading to intraoperative hypotension from blood loss to prolonged cerebral ischemia from temporary clipping. Post operatively the patient wakes up on the neurointensive care unit with complete hemiplegia and global aphasia. Which one of the following factor is LEAST relevant to surgical complication?

A patient presents with chronic neuropathic leg pain two years following an L4-S1 laminectomy for spinal stenosis. A current lumbar spine MRI shows no stenosis or nerve root impingement. Flexion and extension x rays show no evidence of instability What is the most appropriate treatment at this time for his pain?

What is the approximate seizure freedom rate in patients following nonlesional resective frontal lobe epilepsy surgery?

A 55-year-old man presents with progressive gait disturbance and impotence. Coronal MRA and angiogram show lumbar spine. No evidence of bleeding. VHL screening negative, what is the diagnosis?

A 54-year-old woman presents with recurrent headaches, said to have a 4cm AVM located in the primary motor cortex, draining deep vein. What is the SM grade?

A 72-year-old male patient presents with speech disturbance for the past 7 days. The patient has no history of trauma or anticoagulant use.

A 45-year-old female presents with an incidentally discovered lesion as shown in the figure. What is her estimated 5-year risk of hemorrhage or new neurology?

A 47-year-old man with HIV presents to the hospital with tonic-clonic seizures. The patient started antiretroviral therapy. His last CD4 count, taken one month before this event, was 50 cells/mm3. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 60-year-old male was found to have a 10 mm internal carotid artery aneurysm. The patient underwent surgical clipping of the aneurysm after which he experienced right hemiplegia, hemi-hypoesthesia, and homonymous hemianopsia. Which artery was most likely involved?

A 30-year-old patient underwent anterior temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy secondary to mesial temporal sclerosis. Postoperatively, the patient developed new diplopia that improved in 4 months. Tilting his head to the right and tucking his chin improves his symptoms. What structure is likely damaged causing this complication?

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding vertebra C1?

A 5-year-old child underwent resection of posterior fossa medulloblastoma followed by chemotherapy and total neuroaxis radiotherapy with a boost to the posterior fossa. What is the most common endocrine complication after radiotherapy for posterior fossa tumors in children?

What is the next appropriate step in management following resection of this tumor?

A 32-year-old recent immigrant from Southeast Asia presents with back pain and a new kyphotic deformity after tripping in his flat. T1 and T2 W MRI are shown. Which one of the following is most likely the diagnosis?

Which of the following is the best predictor for seizure-free outcomes after epilepsy surgery for focal seizures with an epileptic focus?

A 58-year-old man with a history of lung adenocarcinoma presents with headaches. MRI of the brain shows 3 supratentorial lesions, the largest of which is controlled trials. How is the addition of whole brain radiation therapy likely to affect overall survival?

Is brain radiation therapy likely to affect overall survival?

Metode paling sensitif untuk mendeteksi kelainan tersebut adalah

Which genetic or chromosomal alteration is associated with primary adult glioblastoma?

Peneliti ingin membuat penelitian untuk mengetahui penyebab (atau beberapa penyebab) dan faktor risiko dari normopressure hydrocephalus.

Seorang laki-laki 42 tahun dengan riwayat shooting pain sejak 3 bulan di lengan kirinya yang masih berat dengan skala 7/10 dan tidak membaik dengan fisioterapi atau injeksi streroid epidural. Tindakan selanjutnya yang paling tepat?

According to Suzuki and Takaku classification of the angiographic appearance of moyamoya disease, what imaging findings are associated with stage 2?

Which artery is MOST likely to make pathological contact with the trigeminal nerve in trigeminal neuralgia?

Berikut merupakan kemungkinan komplikasi pemberian mannitol

1. 1. Peningkatan edema vasogenik

2. 2.Status hiperosmolar nonketotic

3. 3. Akut tubular necrosis

4. 4. hipotensi

In the case of an intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma, what is the advantage of the middle cranial fossa approach over the retrosigmoid approach?

Tampilan endoskopi dari dalam sinus sphenoid. Manakah dari label berikut yang secara tepat mengidentifikasi resesus optikokarotis?

A 70-year-old man complains of weakness, numbness and neuropathic pain in his left lower extremity. Recently, he has been having urinary incontinence. Which symptom has the highest chance to improve?

Pasien anak laki-laki, lahir secara per vaginam, didapatkan klinis seperti pada gambar. Bagaimana kemungkinan prognosis status ambulasi pasien lahir dengan meningokel tersebut?

Laki-laki berusia 41 tahun datang dengan nyeri lengan kiri sejak 4 minggu yang lalu. Pada pemeriksaan terdapat kelemahan pada fleksi triceps dan wrist. Pada level berapa proses patologi yang paling mungkin?

A 41 year-old woman undergoes gross total resection for the lesion shown (Figure). Pathology confirms a grade e oligodendroglioma. What is the recommended course of treatment?

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations leading to elevated TERT expression are most closely associated with what genetic alteration

Bagaimana orientasi aneurisma choroidalis anterior terhadap pembuluh darah utama (parent vessel)

A 55-year old woman developed a severe headache, acute vision loss, and bilateral ptosis. Examination also reveals complete ophthalmoplegia of both eyes. What is the most likely diagnosis :

Struktur otak apakah yang diperdarahi oleh pembuluh darah yang ditunjuk?

Seorang wanita 35 tahun datang untuk evaluasi nyeri tulang belakang lumbal onset baru. Manakah dari temuan pemeriksaan fisik berikut yang menunjukkan kausa organik sebagai penyebab gejala low back pain pada pasien tersebut?

You are seeing a patient with neuropathic lower extremity pain. On examination, repetitive pinprick provokes increasingly severe burning pain on the dorsum of the foot. This phenomenon is called:

A 45-year-old woman with colon cancer presents with severe bilateral pain in her abdomen and pelvis due to multiple metastases. Although her pain has been responsive to oral narcotics, escalating doses have given her unacceptable sedating effect. Which of the following interventions would be MOST appropriate in this setting?

What are the borders of Kawase's triangle?

Seorang laki-laki berusia 27 tahun datang dengan kejang tonik-klonik umum. Pada pemeriksaan tidak ada defisit neurologis sisa ataupun gangguan bicara. Terdapat beberapa titik kalsifikasi pada CT scan. Dilakukan MRI. Manakah dari pernyataan berikut mengenai jenis tumor ini yang KURANG tepat?

When resecting a brain lesion near the corticospinal tract, what modality is best suited to minimize the risk of motor impairment?

In a patient with the MRI shown in the figure, a tumor in what other location would increase the probability of (?) a)

A 40 year-old woman presents with acute headache, mild right arm weakness and a CT scan showing a small hemorrhage in the left frontoparietal region. Cerebral angiogram shows a 4 cm compact, superficial AVM with superficial venous drainage and deep perforating arteries. What factor increases this patients surgical risk?

A 68-vear-old man presents with progressive neurologic deficit due to a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula fed by the left L4 radicular artery.Treatment for spinal dural AV fistula requires occlusion of which vascular structure?

Pasien anak laki-laki usia 6 tahun dengan keluhan gangguan keseimbangan, yang paling berperan mempengaruhi progression free survival pada pasien ini?

Based on the clinical picture shown in a 6-month-old child, which of the following is most likely?

What is the most appropriate therapy for a patient 7 days after transsphenoidal resection with headache, stiff neck, fever, and clear nasal discharge?

A 21-year-old female presented to the emergency department after a new-onset seizure. Before this, she was complaining of a severe headache with blurred vision for the last 2 days. Phys exam demonstrated a somnolent female with normal vital sign and bilateral papilledema. She has mild weakness of her right face, arm, and leg. Computed tomographic (CT) imaging of the head without contrast and CT angio of brain with contrast are shown, which the following is the most appropriate treatment ?

A 32 year-old man has surgery for a low grade glioma. What genetic profile is associated with the best prognosis?

. A 9-year-old girl visits her optometrist because of a 1-month progressive history of blurry vision and headaches. The optometrist notes papilledema. What course of action is indicated

. Foramen Jugularis terbagi menjadi 2: pars nervosa dan pars vascularis. Struktur – struktur apakah yang secara umum ditemukan pada kompartemen anteriormedial (pars nervosa)?

What is the most appropriate adjuvant radiation management for a 61-year-old male post-glioblastoma multiformis resection with 99% resection and no neurological deficits?

What is an important component for patient care after a gunshot wound to the head?

A 30 year-old boy was injured by an air gun riffle on the head 1 hour before admission. He was fully awake and no neurological deficit was found. Which of the following is an important component for patient care after gunshot wound in this case?

Kecepatan konduksi potensial aksi ditandai dengan beberapa parameter. Jika kecepatan konduksi ditemukan meningkat, manakah dari pernyataan berikut (?)

A 60 year old female presents with sudden onset of vertigo, headache, vomiting and imbalance. Her imaging (after

2 days) is shown. What is the cause of this (?)

A 57-year-old patient presents with head injury after falling backwards and sudden onset of agitation. Two hours later her blood pressure is 220/110 mmHg (?) shown. Regarding this type of lesion and its location, which one of the following is LEAST likely to be an indication for surgical evacuation?

A 46-year-old female presents with sudden onset right facial numbness, hearing loss, and diplopia. CT head was unremarkable. Which one of the following maybe most appropriate based on the subsequent imaging shown ?

What combination of IDH and 1p-19q status in diffuse glioma is most predictive of detecting a P53 gene mutation?

Laki-laki usia 45 tahun menjalani operasi dengan pendekatan subtemporal untuk akses tumor dengan elevasi dura dari lantai fossa media dan tulang petrosus. Pasca operasi, pasien mengeluh penurunan lakrimasi pada sisi ipsilateral. Apakah etiologi yang mungkin pada kasus ini?

Pasien dengan keluhan baal pada area yang digambar. Nervus apa yang mempersarafi area tersebut?

A pineal mass was completely resected and the pathologist diagnoses a mature teratoma. What is the best treatment for this patient?

Pasien perempuan 52 tahun dengan keluhan sakit kepala, dan hemiparesis sejak 4 jam yang lalu. CT scan seperti yang tampak pada gambar. Apa manajemen yang tepat untuk pasien ini?

What is the most common presentation of a vein of Galen malformation in an adolescent patient?

You are performing a percutaneous radiofrequency lesioning procedure in a patient with V3 distribution trigeminal neuralgia. After placing the electrode into the Gasserian ganglion and performing the test stimulation, the patient report tingling in the V2 distribution. You wish to reposition the electrode to achieve V3 stimulation instead. In which direction will you move the electrode?

Which one of the following statements regarding decompressive craniectomies is LEAST accurate?

A 55 year-old man with a history eight years ago of subtotal surgical resection and radiosurgery for a falx meningioma presents with a tonic-clonic seizure. After CT, there is a 3 cm ring enhancing mass with adjacent edema in the frontal lobe. The latter finding was not present on imaging performed two years after radiosurgery. What is the likely cause of his current symptom?

During a far lateral approach, exposure of what anatomic structure first indicates that more than the posterior one-third of the occipital condyle has been removed?

A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with an acute onset of right hemiplegia that occurred 30 minutes prior. CT scan is negative for hemorrhage. What factor would contraindicate the administration of IV TPA?

Tempat masuk (entry point) untuk pedicle screw toraks paling tepat digambarkan dari berikut ini?