An increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 25 at rest usually due to COPD or ILD

Interruption of coronary blood flow for an extended period causing potentially irreversible damage to the heart muscles

Chronic disorder of neuromuscular junction resulting in descending paralysis

Autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system

Portion of brain loses blood supply as a result of a vascular occlusion or hemorrhage

Acute illness or injury to the lungs that results in reduced lung compliance, diffuse Atelectasis, and refractory hypoxemia

Failure of the cardiovascular system to adequately perfume tissues resulting in an impairment of cellular metabolism: reduction in blood flow to the tissues

Decrease renal function secondary to diabetes Mellitus or renal insufficiency

Not enough surfactant or depressed surfactant leading to Atelectasis and hypoxemia

Overuse of medication that exceeds the recommended dose

Bacterial infection that affects the nervous system, causes muscle stiffness and spasms (jaw/neck muscles)

Viral infection, genetics, puncture wound

History of present illness, current medications

Establish airway, monitor VT, VC, MIP, O2,

CXR, CBC, sputum culture

O2, pulmonary hygiene therapy, hyperinflation (IS/SMI, IPPB), MV, VAP protocol

Penicillin G, amoxicillin

S. Aureus (MRSA), treat with vancomycin . Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin

Virus attacks the immune system, gradually weakening it over time and making it difficult for the body to fight infections

Frequent pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus/ear infections, Meningitis, low platelets counts or anemia

Drug cocktails, Antiretroviral, high activity antiretroviral therapy

Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, corticosteroids within 72 hrs

Spirometry, ABG, review therapy (meds/techniques), psychological (support system, depression), cessation of smoking (done prior to rehab), avoid secondhand smoke

SABA, LABA, Steroids, Combo MDI

Controlled lip pursed breathing, I/S, coughing, diet and exercise

You know this

Obstructive condition p, irreversible damage of bronchial walls (excessive inflammation) , copious amounts of bronchial secretions, commonly limited to lobe or segment

Reoccurring episodes of dyspnea, wheezing, chest tightness

Increased mucus production in trachea and bronchi, productive cough that lasts at least 3 months of the year

Increased lung expansion due to air trapping, irreversible damage to alveolar walls, enlargement of air spaces

Sudden, rapid decline in heart functioning and the amount of blood your heart can pump to the rest of the body. (Lower left chamber, left ventricle)

Occurs as a result of damage to the right side of heart , resulting from pulmonary hypertension. Increased right ventricular workload that causes hypertrophy of the RV. Often caused by COPD

When the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked, which can restrict blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. Caused by atherosclerosis

Ventilation without perfusion

Anxious, diaphoretic, cyanotic, cool/clammy, SOB, tachypnea, wheezing/crackles/pleural friction rub, possible hemoptysis, sudden onset of signs/symotoms

CXR: increased density in infarcted area, wedge shape infiltrate. Hemodynamic: increased PAP. Capnography: decreased PeCO2, normal PaCO2. VD/VT: increased.

1)Spiral CT -most sensitive,

2)V/Q scan, 3)Pulmonary angiogram

Tachypnea and cough may be productive of thick black sooty secretions

Normal in early stages, may present with wheezes, crackles, or rhonchi, inspiratory strider

100% NRB, IF severe, establish an airway FIRST. CPAP to minimize pulmonary edema. Burn injuries determined by bronchoscopy,

A viral infection characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles that results in wheezing and difficulty breathing in children

Viral infection of the upper airways that results in subglottic swelling and an obstruction below the vocal cords. Results in stridor.

Acute upper airway infection that causes severe supraglottic swelling.

Chronic respiratory disorder in premature and low birth weight infants characterized by a reduction in the overall surface area for gas exchange (results from the treatment of RDS with MV and high O2 over a prolonged period of time >28 days)

Cough-barking, stridor, hoarse voice, nasal flaring, rhinorrhea, substernal/intercostal retractions, cyanosis

O2 (24-28% initially), ABG

Racemic via SVN, corticosteroids (decadron) when unresponsive to epi, MV

2-6yrs, pale, cyanotic, lifeless, drooling, hoarseness, dysphagia, tongue thrust forward during inspiration, diminished BS with inspiratory stridor.

Visualization of pharynx, oral temp, ABG, IV, Neck X-ray

24-36hr initially

Lateral neck X-ray (after sedation) will show thumb sign

Nasal discharge, lethargic, nasal flaring, cyanosis

Tachypnea, apnea in severe cases, grunting, retractions, wheeze, upper airway noise from secretions

Plenty of fluids, oral decongestants, clearance of secretions from nasal passages

(Severe symptoms: apnea, CHD, CF, BPD, asthma)

O2 with humidity, aerosolized bronchodilators, IV fluids, bronchial hygiene

Early surfactant replacement therapy

Prevents atelectasis and intubation

Bronchodilators, diuretics or fluid management (monitor input) vaccines for RSV and influenza

To prevent infection

O2, CPAP for pulmonary edema/hypoxemia, NPPV for impending respiratory failure: first line For persistent hypoxia, unresponsive to O2, increased WOB (hallmark signs)

O2, monitor vital signs, treat underlying cause, decrease workload by lowering PAP. Digitalis, diuretics, nitric oxide

Minimize risk factors, if angina: O2, nitroglycerin, angioplasty/stent, CABG

Cessation of smoking, limit cholesterol/fats, exercise, Control BP and aspirin for blood thinner

SABA, LABA, anticholingeric, LAMA, ICS, Antibitoics (indicated by sputum)

Low flow O2, NPPV for acute exacerbations of ventilator failure (ph: <7.35, CO2: >45)

Nutrition, exercise, method to aid in secretions, home O2 and aerosol therapy.

3-5 To get VT 6-8ml.. Lower volumes prevent compromise of venous return

3-5, can increase 8-12 as tolersted

Titrate to maintain >92%

pH: <7.30, CO2: >50

Nitride, diuretics, vaspressors (milrinonr)

CXR: hyperinflation/increased AP

PFT: decrease volumes

ABG

Reduced peak flow, post-bronchodilator spirometry (increased by 12% or 200ml), bronchial provocation test (methacholine), significant decrease in FEV1 confirms this

Atelectasis/fibrosis, staphyloccocus/haemophilus, sweat chloride test (>60)

CXR: Hyperlucensy, no vascular markings on affected side, ABG: Acute hyperventilation with hypoxemia

CXR: increased radiodensity, tracheal shift to the away. CBC: reduced RBC/Hb/Hct

CoHb levels measure with Co-oximetry or hemoximeter

CXR: butterfly/bat wings, hemodynamics: increased PCWP and PAP, cardiac enzymes: high BNP

Increased PAP, respiratory alkalosis w hypoxemia, CXR: enlarge pulmonary arteries

ECG: elevated T waves, elevated S-T segment, Cardiac enzymes: elevated troponin level

Tensilon test, electromyography, blood test for Ach receptor antibodies

Lumbar puncture: high protein in CSF >500, abnormal electromyograph, elevated IgM immunoglobain leve,s

Drug toxicity

CT/MRI, cerebral angiogram, elevated ICP (5-10 normal, treat >20)

CXR: increased opacity/honeycomb or ground glass. PAP elevated with normal PCWP

ABG: hypoxemia, hemodynamics: decreased CVP, PAP, PCWP, QT. Decreased urine output

ABG: metabolic acidosis, Urine output: Less than 0.5L a day

CXR: increased opacity/ground glass

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Developed asthma plan, and scheduled

ICS (fluticasone, pulmicort, azmacort, singulair) - most effective long-term therapy. Albuterol, servant (LABA only with ICS), advair/symbicort as combo MDI

Physical activity encouraged, temp/humidity control in home

Lung expansion therapy, PEFR daily: pre/post bronchodilators, PT education

Low O2, bronchodilators (SABA, LABA, anticholingeric, LAMA) bronchial hygiene as needed, NPPV for acute exacerbation of ventilatory failure, rehab (if smoker), increased fluids

O2, duoneb, oral or IV corticosteroid, intubation for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (pH:<7.30). With severe asthma: initial 4mL/kg VT

Eliminate/minimize triggers, LABA, ICS, mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn sodium), leukotriene inhibitors (montelukadt, zafirlukast, zileuton)

Heliox, magnesium sulfate, subcutaneous epinephrine

20% or less: bedrest 30 days, 20% or more: chest tube, unstable pt: needle aspiration

thoracentesis/chest tube drain, O2, hyperinflation therapy (IS/IPPB) after chest tube, MV with PEEP for ventilatory failure.

100% O2, hyperbaric therapy, hyperinflation, aerosolized meds (bronchodilators, mucolytics, corticosteroids), monitor ABG, electrolytes, fluids, bronchoscopy,

High flow O2 with NRB, Fowler position, hyperinflation (IPPB, IPV), diutrietcs, analgesic morphine

O: oxygen

M: morphine

A: aspirin

N: nitroglycerin

Monitor: Vt, VC, MIP.

MV as indicated, hyperinflation therapy, pulmonary hygiene

Anticholinesterase (mestinon or prostigmine)

Anticholinesterase - short duration: more suitable for diagnosis

Suctioning, intubation with MV with acute ventilatory failure

Stimines (mestinon)

O2, IS/IPPB, pulmonary hygiene, deep breathing/coughing, CPT,

100% O2 first, establish airway, Narcan, flumazenil (romazicon) for sedative (benzo), acetylcysteine for acetaminophen OD

Anticoagulation therapy, vasodilators, thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke

O2, CPAP/PEEP, VT 6ml/plat less than 30, recruitment measures

PEEP can go as high as 30 or until cardiopulmonary compromise is seen (Optimal PEEP)

MV, vasopressors (dopamine/dobutamine), inotropic agents for HF (digitalis), antibiotics, IV fluids for hypovolemia

O2, CPAP, neutral thermal environment, administer surfactant (calfactant, beractant)

Bronchial hygiene therapy, O2, bronchodilators, mucolytic (dornase Alpha), inhaled antibiotics (TOBI)

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If meconium (first poop) is present, suction mouth and nose with a bulb syringe if the baby is____.

If meconium (first poop) is present, DO NOT suction mouth and nose if the baby is ___.

Initiate PPV if infant is not breathing OR

HFOV, iNO, ECMO

Antibiotics, steroids

Start chest compressions when the HR remains at ___ despite of 30 seconds of effective PPV.

3:1

Deliver___ compressions and ___ ventilation each minute.

4-6

12-16

40-50%

5-10 (thousand)

135-145

3.4-4.5

90-100

110-160

60/40

30-60

3000g (3kg)

Normal: 7-10

Poor: 4-6

Emergency: 0-3

20-40% (up to 60% on vent)

17-20%

4-5%

3-5% normal,

<20 acceptable, >20 bad

93-94mmhg

2-6mm Hg

(4-12 cm h2O)

25/8 (mean: 13-14)

4-12

1) 4-8

2) 2.5-4.0