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WorksheetsDS 3262 Ch 42- The Sono & Doppler Evaluation of the Female Pelv
Total questions: 167
Worksheet time: 1hrs 24mins
When preparing a patient for a pelvic ultrasound, what is the first step?
Perform the pelvic examination
Obtain a complete patient history
Review previous imaging studies after the exam
Check laboratory tests only if cancer is suspected
Which of the following should be included in a routine patient questionnaire for pelvic ultrasound?
Date of last menstrual period (LMP)
Patient’s favorite food
Patient’s exercise routine
Travel history
Why is it important to correlate patient history findings with differential considerations?
To choose the fastest imaging technique
To improve diagnostic accuracy
To avoid performing the ultrasound
To reduce exam time
Which of the following is NOT typically part of the patient history for a pelvic ultrasound?
Past pelvic surgeries
Hormone regimen
Family history of cancer
Patient’s shoe size
Reviewing previous imaging studies is recommended:
Only if symptoms are severe
Before starting the exam
After the exam is completed
Only when the patient requests it
What does premenarche refer to?
The time after menopause
The period before menstruation begins
The first menstrual period
The transition stage before menopause
How long is a normal menstrual cycle after menarche?
14–20 days
21–28 days
30–35 days
40–45 days
What is perimenopause or premenopause?
The time before puberty
The permanent cessation of menstruation
A transition stage 2 to 10 years before menopause
The start of menstruation
During premenopause, what changes typically occur?
Increase in estrogen and regular cycles
Decrease in estrogen and irregular cycles
No change in estrogen levels or cycles
Menstrual cycles stop immediately
What defines menopause?
Irregular menstrual cycles
The first menstrual period
Permanent cessation of menstruation
The transition period before puberty
What should be done before starting the pelvic ultrasound exam?
Begin the transabdominal scan immediately
Explain the examination to the patient
Start with the endovaginal scan without informing the patient
Skip patient positioning
If both transabdominal (TA) and endovaginal (EV) scans will be performed, what is important?
Only tell the patient after the exam
Inform the patient about both scans prior to the exam
Perform the scans without explaining
Only perform one scan
What position is the patient placed in for the exam (TA and/or TV)?
Prone
Standing
Supine
Sitting
What type of table is preferably used for the TB and/or TV exam?
Cardiology table
Gynecologic table
Orthopedic table
Standard hospital bed
How is the transabdominal (TA) exam performed?
With the bladder empty, using a high-frequency transducer
Through the anterior abdominal wall with a distended bladder, using a curvilinear transducer up to 5 MHz
Using an endovaginal probe only
With the patient standing
What is required for the endovaginal (EV) exam regarding the bladder?
Bladder must be full
Bladder must be empty
Bladder size does not matter
Bladder must be partially filled
Which transducer frequency is typically used for the EV exam?
Up to 5 MHz
1 MHz
7.5 MHz or higher
3 MHz
What advantage does the EV exam have over the TA exam?
Better near field focusing and resolution
Less detail of the uterus and adnexa
Lower frequencies for deeper penetration
Does not require patient preparation
What planes are commonly used during the EV exam?
Coronal and axial
Sagittal and axial or coronal
Transverse only
Oblique only
During a transabdominal sonographic exam, when a mass is found, what should be characterized first?
Patient’s symptoms
Location of the mass
Laboratory test results
Type of transducer used
Which of the following locations might a mass be found in during a pelvic ultrasound?
Only in the uterus
Uterine or extrauterine
Only in the ovaries
Only outside the pelvis
What aspects of a mass’s external contour should be assessed?
Color and temperature
Well-defined, ill-defined, or irregular borders
Weight and consistency
Size only
How should the internal consistency of a mass be described?
Only solid or cystic
Cystic, complex, predominantly cystic, predominantly solid, or solid
Hard or soft only
Based on color Doppler only
What size-related characteristic is important when evaluating a mass sonographically?
Its size
Patient’s age
Blood pressure
Height of the patient
What does the transabdominal sonographic technique primarily visualize?
Only the uterus
The entire pelvis
Only the bladder
Only the ovaries
What is one advantage of the transabdominal technique?
Provides a detailed view of small structures only
Provides a global overview of the pelvis
Does not require patient preparation
Can be used with an empty bladder
The transabdominal exam may be limited in patients who are:
Underweight
Obese
Athletes
Children
What patient condition can limit the transabdominal exam?
Unable to fill their bladder
Having high blood pressure
Wearing tight clothes
Being pregnant
Which uterine position may cause limitations in the transabdominal exam?
Anteverted uterus
Retroverted uterus
Mid-positioned uterus
None of the above
When is the transabdominal (TA) ultrasound recommended?
For the final detailed study
For the initial study
Only after the endovaginal exam
Only if the bladder is empty
What is required for the transabdominal ultrasound?
Full bladder
Empty bladder
No preparation needed
Patient fasting
How does a full bladder help during the TA ultrasound?
It makes the uterus smaller
It flattens the anteflexed uterus, making it more perpendicular to the transducer angle
It hides the uterus
It fills the bladder for easier scanning of the kidneys
When is the bladder considered optimally full for a transabdominal pelvic ultrasound?
When it covers the cervix
When it covers the fundus of the normal-sized uterus
When it is completely empty
When it causes discomfort to the patient
What can happen if the bladder is overdistended during the transabdominal exam?
It improves image quality
It compromises sonographic evaluation by compressing, distorting, and displacing anatomy
It has no effect
It makes the uterus appear larger
What should be done if the bladder is overdistended before the exam?
Have the patient drink more water
Have the patient empty their bladder slightly
Proceed with the exam without changes
Schedule a different type of imaging
What frequency range is typically used for a transabdominal anatomic survey?
1 MHz
3.5 MHz
7.5 MHz
10 MHz
(TA exam) If the ovaries are higher or more superficial, what should be done regarding transducer frequency?
Use a lower frequency
Use a higher frequency
Frequency does not matter
Use the same frequency
For an obese patient, which frequency is preferred during transabdominal ultrasound?
Higher frequency
Lower frequency
Frequency is not adjusted
Use endovaginal probe instead
What shape is the bladder typically described as on ultrasound?
Circular
Triangular or elongated
Square
Irregular
What is recommended if there is uncertainty about bladder identification?
Ignore it and continue
Take a pre-void image, have the patient void, then take a post-void image
Use color Doppler only
Perform a CT scan instead
In transabdominal sonography, how should the uterus be identified?
In the transverse axis
In the long axis
In the coronal axis only
It does not need to be identified
The uterus can normally deviate toward which directions?
Only to the right
Only to the left
Either right or left
Neither direction
After establishing the uterine long axis, what is the next step?
Take transverse scans only
Perform parallel long scans from right to left to evaluate uterine margins and adnexa
Start endovaginal scanning
Perform Doppler imaging only
Which anatomical structure can be used as a landmark to identify the lateral border of the adnexa?
Ureter
Iliac vessels
Bladder
Rectum
After identifying the true long plane of the uterus in a transabdominal exam, what is the next step?
Rotate the transducer 45 degrees
Rotate the transducer 90 degrees and scan from inferior to superior
Remove the transducer
Perform an endovaginal exam
How do the ovaries tend to move with increasing bladder distention?
Travel caudally
Travel laterally
Travel cephalad (upward)
Stay in the same position
Where may the ovaries lie when the bladder is distended?
Inferior to the uterine fundus
Superior to the uterine fundus
Behind the bladder
On the cervix
What types of scans are included in the routine transabdominal pelvic protocol?
Only sagittal scans
Longitudinal and transverse scans
Only coronal scans
Only endovaginal scans
Which structures should be evaluated during the transabdominal pelvic exam?
Uterus, cervix, rectouterine recess, right and left adnexa
Liver and spleen only
Heart and lungs
Brain and spine
What measurements should be taken of normal structures and pathology?
Only length
Length, width, and depth
Only width and depth
No measurements needed
If pathology is present, which additional areas require documentation?
RUQ (Morrison’s pouch and subphrenic area) and bilateral renal areas
Left upper quadrant only
Pelvic muscles only
No additional documentation needed
What is one advantage of endovaginal (EV) ultrasonography over transabdominal?
Requires a full bladder
Shortens the distance from the transducer to pelvic organs
Uses lower frequency transducers
Cannot visualize adnexal regions
How does EV ultrasonography affect resolution?
Decreases resolution
Has no effect on resolution
Increases resolution
Makes images blurry
What pelvic structures benefit from a better visual survey with EV ultrasound?
Liver and kidneys
Ovaries, uterus, and adnexal regions
Brain and spinal cord
Heart and lungs
What should patients do with their bladder before an endovaginal (EV) ultrasound?
Have a full bladder
Empty their bladder
No bladder preparation needed
Drink a lot of water
Why might patients need to re-void during the EV exam?
Because the bladder may refill rapidly
To improve image quality
Because it helps the uterus position
To reduce pain
What is important to explain to the patient before the EV procedure?
How long the exam will last
The EV procedure itself
The cost of the exam
The radiologist’s name
What kind of consent is required before performing an EV ultrasound?
No consent is needed
Verbal or written consent
Only written consent
Only verbal consent
What is essential for anyone performing an EV ultrasound?
To have the room darkened
To have an additional female in the room
To perform the exam without a chaperone
To use only transabdominal technique
What should be applied directly on the face of the endovaginal probe?
Sterile lubricant
Gel
Water
Powder
How should the probe be covered during EV ultrasound?
With a protective sheath
Left uncovered
With a cloth
With adhesive tape
What type of sheath is recommended for the EV probe?
Latex sheath
Latex-free sheath
Metal sheath
Plastic wrap only
What type of lubricant is applied outside the protective covering of the probe?
Sterile external lubricant
Regular body lotion
Oil-based lubricant
Water only
For infertility patients, what is recommended to lubricate the transducer?
Oil-based lubricant
Water
No lubricant
Regular gel
In an anteverted uterus, where is the cervix located on the ultrasound screen?
lt side
right side
center
not visible
In an anteverted uterus, where is the fundus located on the ultrasound screen?
lt side
rt side
center
not visible
In a retroverted uterus, where is the cervix located on the ultrasound screen?
lt side
rt side
center
not visible
In a retroverted uterus, where is the fundus located on the ultrasound screen?
lt side
rt side
center
not visible
What image plane is first obtained to locate the ovaries during an EV scan?
Sagittal (longitudinal)
Coronal (transverse)
Axial
Oblique
To locate the ovaries, the probe is angled toward which anatomical structures?
Fundus and cervix
Cornua and ovarian ligament
Bladder and urethra
Rectum and sigmoid colon
What imaging technique may be used to help locate the ovaries during an EV scan?
Color Doppler
MRI
CT scan
X-ray
Which vessels are located posterior to the ovaries and can serve as a landmark?
Internal iliac vessels
External iliac vessels
Femoral vessels
Renal vessels
Which Doppler techniques may be used during EV ultrasound to assess pathology?
Color flow Doppler
Power Doppler
Pulsed Doppler
All of the above
When measuring the endometrium, what should NOT be included?
Any endometrial fluid
Thickness of the endometrium
Width of the uterus
Length of the ovaries
What measurements should be taken during an EV ultrasound?
Only the uterus length
Length, width, and axial measurements of the uterus and ovaries
No measurements are necessary
Only the ovaries
What is one reason to perform translabial sonography instead of endovaginal ultrasound?
Obesity
Cervical incompetence
Gas in the bowel
Lack of equipment
Which of the following is not a typical indication for translabial sonography?
Uterine prolapse
Premature rupture of membranes
Cervical incompetence
Ovarian torsion
What type of transducer is typically used for translabial sonography?
7.5–10 MHz linear
3.5 to 5 MHz curved linear
1–2 MHz sector
10 MHz endocavitary
How is the transducer prepared and positioned for translabial scanning?
Uncovered and inserted vaginally
Covered with a sterile probe cover and placed at the vaginal introitus
Placed on the abdomen with no cover
Inserted rectally
What may assist with visualization of the cervix during translabial sonography?
Full bladder
Completely empty bladder
Partial bladder filling
Lying in prone position
What imaging techniques are used to evaluate pelvic vascularity?
MRI and X-ray
Real-time imaging and Doppler
CT and PET
Ultrasound only without Doppler
What are Doppler velocity measurements typically expressed as?
Absolute pressure
Time intervals
Ratios
Voltage levels
What does the S/D ratio in Doppler imaging stand for?
Speed/Distance
Systole/Diastole
Signal/Drop
Strength/Duration
How is the Resistive Index (RI) calculated?
(S × D)/Mean
(S + D)/2
(S - D)/S
(S - D)/Mean
What is the typical RI of uterine flow in a nonpregnant patient during the proliferative phase?
0.55
0.70
0.88
1.00
The ovary receives blood supply from which of the following sources?
Renal artery and iliac vein
Aorta and ovarian branch of the uterine artery
Femoral artery and aorta
Internal iliac artery and renal artery
What happens to ovarian blood flow during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
High velocity and low resistance
Low velocity and high resistance index (RI)
No measurable blood flow
Maximum velocity and low RI
What describes ovarian blood flow at ovulation?
Low velocity and high RI
No change in blood flow
Maximal velocity and low RI
Decreased perfusion
Which phase of the menstrual cycle is associated with high resistance in ovarian blood flow?
Luteal phase
Ovulation phase
Follicular phase
Secretory phase
In postmenopausal women, calcifications may commonly be seen in which uterine arteries?
Radial arteries
Spiral arteries
Arcuate arteries
Uterine arteries
What imaging feature is typically associated with calcifications in the arcuate arteries?
Cystic appearance
Shadowing
Bright flow signals
Anechoic regions
Calcifications in arcuate arteries should be distinguished from which of the following?
Endometriomas
Functional cysts
Calcified leiomyomas
Hydrosalpinx
In which population are arcuate artery calcifications most commonly seen?
Pregnant women
Premenarchal girls
Postmenopausal women
Adolescents
What structure separates the body of the uterus from the cervix?
Endometrium
External os
Isthmus
Vagina
At what anatomical level is the isthmus located?
External os
Fundus
Internal os
Cervical fornix
On ultrasound, how should the tissue echogenicity surrounding the cervical canal appear?
Heterogeneous with shadowing
Hypoechoic with cysts
Homogenous
Mixed echogenicity with calcifications
What is the normal position of the cervix in relation to the midline?
Deviated to the right
Deviated to the left
Fixed in the midline
Mobile and shifting
What part of the uterus is difficult to assess by transabdominal sonography when the uterus is retroverted or retroflexed?
cervix
fundus
isthmus
endometrium
What is the best imaging method for measuring the cervical-fundal dimension of the uterus in the longitudinal plane?
MRI
CT
Transabdominal sonography (TA)
Translabial sonography
When measuring the uterus in the longitudinal plane, where is the measurement taken?
From the external os to the isthmus
From the fundus to the distal end of the cervix
From the bladder to the fundus
From the vagina to the uterine body
Where is the transverse measurement of the uterus taken?
From fundus to cervix
At the thinnest part of the uterus
At the widest point, 90 degrees from the long axis
Across the endometrium
Which of the following factors influence the size and shape of the normal uterus?
Age
Hormonal status
Parity
All of the above
What is the shape of the uterus in the neonatal period?
Round
Irregular
Pear-shaped
Cylindrical
In a neonate, what portion of the uterus does the cervix occupy?
One-third
Half
Two-thirds
Entire length
n the prepuberty stage, what proportion of the uterine length does the cervix occupy?
1/3
1/2
2/3
Entire length
What is the average uterine length in a prepubertal female?
3–5 cm
6–8 cm
1–3 cm
0.5–1 cm
In a nulliparous uterus, what proportion of the uterine length is occupied by the cervix?
1/3
2/3
1/2
Entire Length
What are the average dimensions of a nulliparous uterus?
3–5 cm length, 2–3 cm width
6–8 cm length, 3–5 cm diameter and width
1–3 cm length, 0.5–1 cm diameter
4–6 cm length, 1–2 cm width
In postmenopausal women, what portion of the uterine length does the cervix occupy?
1/3
1/2
2/3
Same as uterine body
What are typical uterine dimensions postmenopause?
1–3 cm length, 0.5–1 cm width
3–5 cm length, 2–3 cm diameter and width
6–8 cm length, 3–5 cm width
4–6 cm length, 1–2 cm width
During menstruation days 1-5, how does the endometrial canal typically appear on ultrasound?
Hyperechoic central line
Hypoechoic central line representing blood and tissue
Anechoic cystic structure
Isoechoic with myometrium
As menstruation progresses, what happens to the hypoechoic echo in the endometrium?
It becomes thicker and more hypoechoic
It disappears, and the endometrial stripe becomes a thin hyperechoic line
It turns into a cystic area
It calcifies
What is the typical measurement of the endometrial stripe during menstruation days 1-5?
5-7 mm
4-6 mm
2-3 mm
1-2 mm
During the proliferative phase (days 5-14), how does the endometrial canal appear on ultrasound?
Thick hyperechoic band
Single thin stripe
Anechoic fluid-filled area
Irregular hypoechoic mass
What layer is seen as a hypoechoic halo surrounding the endometrial canal during the proliferative phase?
Basalis layer
Myometrium
Functionalis layer
Serosa
Which layer represents the thin surrounding hyperechoic outermost echo creating the "3-line sign"?
Functionalis layer
Basalis layer
Endometrial canal
Myometrium
What is the typical endometrial thickness measurement between days 5-9?
2-3 mm
6 mm
10 mm
12 mm
What is the typical endometrial thickness measurement between days 10-14?
3-5 mm
6 mm
8 mm
10 mm
During the secretory (luteal) phase (days 15-28), how does the endometrium typically appear on ultrasound?
Thin and hypoechoic
At its greatest thickness and echogenicity with posterior enhancement
Anechoic with fluid pockets
Irregular and heterogeneous
In the secretory phase, the functionalis layer becomes:
Hypoechoic compared to the basalis layer
Isoechoic with the basalis layer
Not visible
Hyperechoic compared to the basalis layer
What is the typical measurement range of the endometrial complex during the secretory phase?
2-4 mm
4-6 mm
7-14 mm
15-20 mm
When measuring the endometrium sonographically in the long axis, which of the following guidelines should be followed?
Include the hypoechoic area in the measurement
Measure only the anterior layer of the endometrium
Measure from the highly reflective interface of the basalis layer, including both anterior and posterior layers
Measure in transverse view to get the most accurate thickness
During a sonographic evaluation of the pelvis, how is fluid seen within the endometrium handled during measurement?
It is included in the total endometrial thickness
Only half of the fluid-filled area is measured
It is measured separately from the endometrial thickness
It is excluded from the endometrial measurement
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the sonographic appearance of the fallopian tubes?
They are easily identified in all pelvic ultrasounds
They appear as round structures with a diameter over 15 mm
They are usually difficult to identify unless surrounded by fluid or dilated
They are located anterior to the uterus and extend toward the bladder
Which of the following is TRUE about the sonographic evaluation of the ovaries?
Ovaries are fixed structures that do not change position
They are best visualized transabdominally in the sagittal plane
They are typically located lateral to the uterus and anteromedial to the internal iliac vessels
The best way to locate the ovary is in the transverse plane with a full bladder
Which of the following best describes the sonographic appearance and behavior of ovarian follicles during the proliferative phase?
All follicles remain the same size throughout the cycle
A dominant follicle enlarges to about 2–2.5 cm, while others become atretic
Follicular cysts only appear during menopause
The cortex of the ovary remains anechoic during this phase
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
It enlarges and forms a solid mass
It involutes before menstruation
It becomes a follicular cyst
It remains unchanged until the next ovulation
Which of the following sonographic features is typical of follicular cysts?
Multilocular with thick irregular walls
Unilocular, anechoic with well-defined thin walls and posterior enhancement
Solid with no posterior enhancement
Highly echogenic with calcifications
What is the normal size range of a mature Graafian follicle?
0.5–1.0 cm
1.8–2.4 cm
3.0–4.5 cm
5.0–6.0 cm
On color Doppler, how can a corpus luteum cyst typically be distinguished?
It has a thin wall with no vascularity
It shows a peripheral rim of color around a thicker wall
It appears completely avascular
It shows central color flow only
How are the dimensions of the ovary typically measured during a sonographic exam?
Length and anteroposterior (AP) dimension in the sagittal/long plane; width in the transverse or coronal plane
Width and depth only in the transverse plane
Only length in the transverse plane
Diameter measured in any single plane
What is the average volume of a normal menstruating ovary?
3 cc
5.8 cc
9.8 cc
12 cc
Which statement about the posterior cul-de-sac (Pouch of Douglas) is TRUE?
It is located between the bladder and uterus
Fluid is rarely seen here during the menstrual cycle
It is a common site for initial intraperitoneal fluid accumulation
Pathologic fluid collections here never result from infection
Where is the posterior cul-de-sac (Pouch of Douglas) located?
Between the bladder and uterus
Between the rectum and vagina
Between the uterus and ovaries
Anterior to the uterus
What is a common normal finding in the posterior cul-de-sac during all phases of the menstrual cycle?
Thickened endometrium
Free fluid
Calcifications
Solid masses
Which of the following can cause pathologic fluid collections in the posterior cul-de-sac?
Ascites
Blood from ruptured ectopic pregnancy or hemorrhagic cyst
Pus from infection
All of the above
What is another name for hysterosonography?
Transvaginal ultrasound
Saline infused sonography (SIS)
Doppler ultrasound
Endometrial biopsy
What is instilled into the endometrial cavity during hysterosonography?
Air
Sterile saline solution
Contrast dye
Gel
Hysterosonography is primarily used to evaluate which of the following conditions?
Ovarian cysts
Thickened endometrium or suspected polyps
Uterine fibroids only
Pelvic inflammatory disease
From where is the endometrium measured in sonographic evaluation?
From the hypoechoic area inside the endometrium
From the highly reflective interface of the basalis layer in the long view
From the anterior layer only
Including fluid seen inside the endometrium
Which of the following is NOT included in the endometrial thickness measurement?
A) Anterior and posterior layers of the basalis
B) Hypoechoic areas within the endometrium
C) Fluid seen inside the endometrium
D) Both B and C
Which of the following statements about fallopian tubes is true?
They are easily identified sonographically regardless of fluid presence
They are tubular structures measuring 8-10 mm in width
They run from the ovaries to the uterus anteriorly
They have 2 portions: intramural and isthmus only
On a transvaginal coronal scan, the fallopian tube is easier to identify when:
It is surrounded by free fluid
It is collapsed and not distended
It is surrounded by thick tissue
It is less than 5 mm in width
Which is true about the sonographic appearance of ovaries?
They are spherical and immobile
They are ovoid and mobile, changing location with bladder volume
They are located medial to the uterus
They do not contain follicles
During the proliferative phase, what typically happens to ovarian follicles?
No follicles develop
Many follicles develop and one becomes dominant, growing to 2-2.5 cm by ovulation
All follicles remain the same size
Follicular cysts do not develop at this phase
Which sonographic feature is typical of a corpus luteum cyst?
Anechoic with thin walls and no color Doppler signal
Thicker wall with a peripheral rim of color on Doppler
Multiple small calcifications
Fluid filled with no posterior enhancement
Where is the posterior cul-de-sac (Pouch of Douglas) located?
Between the bladder and uterus
Between the rectum and vagina
Adjacent to the ovaries
Inside the fallopian tube
What is the main purpose of hysterosonography (sonohysterography)?
To measure ovarian volume
To evaluate the endometrium when thickness is normal
To instill saline into the endometrial cavity to evaluate focal thickening or polyps
To evaluate the fallopian tubes only
Fallopian tubes are difficult to identify sonographically unless:
They are surrounded by fluid or are dilated
The bladder is full
The patient is postmenopausal
The endometrium is thin
The proximal end of the fallopian tube is also called the:
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Fimbriae
The distal end of the fallopian tube is called the:
Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum
Cornua
What is the typical shape of the ovary?
Spherical
Ovoid
Irregular
Flat
Ovaries are typically located:
Medial to the uterus
Lateral to the uterus and anteromedial to the internal iliac vessels
Inferior to the bladder
Posterior to the rectum
The mobility of the ovaries depends on:
Bladder volume and previous pregnancy
Age and BMI only
Menstrual cycle phase only
None of the above
Ovaries typically appear sonographically as:
Hypoechoic, irregular masses
Ovoid medium-level echogenic structures
Hyperechoic with calcifications
Anechoic cystic structures only
During the proliferative phase, follicles:
Do not develop
Develop in number and size until day 8 or 9
All become dominant follicles
Disappear completely
The dominant follicle grows to approximately:
0.5-1 cm
1-1.5 cm
2-2.5 cm
3-4 cm
Follicular cysts develop when:
The dominant follicle ruptures early
Fluid is not reabsorbed in the nondominant follicles
No follicles develop during the cycle
The corpus luteum forms
The corpus luteum forms:
Before ovulation
Following ovulation
During menstruation
Only in postmenopausal women
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum:
Enlarges indefinitely
Involutes before menstruation
Becomes a follicular cyst
Remains active during menstruation
Follicular cysts are usually:
Multilocular with thick walls
Unilocular, anechoic with well-defined thin walls and posterior enhancement
Solid with increased vascularity
Calcified masses
Corpus luteum cysts differ from follicular cysts by often having:
A thinner wall
A thicker wall and a peripheral rim of color on Doppler
No blood flow
Multiple septations
The posterior cul-de-sac (Pouch of Douglas) is located:
Between the bladder and uterus
Between the rectum and vagina
Between the uterus and ovaries
Within the fallopian tubes
Pathologic fluid collections in the posterior cul-de-sac may be caused by all EXCEPT:
Ascites
Blood from ruptured ectopic pregnancy or hemorrhagic cyst
Pus from infection
Normal proliferative phase changes
Hysterosonography (Sonohysterography or Saline Infused Sonography) involves:
Injection of contrast into the fallopian tubes
Instillation of sterile saline solution into the endometrial cavity
Measurement of ovarian volume
Evaluation of the posterior cul-de-sac fluid only
The primary use of hysterosonography is:
To evaluate endometrium when it is thicker than normal
To diagnose ovarian cysts
To measure uterine size
To detect ascites
Hysterosonography helps identify:
Endometrial polyps and focal areas of thickening
Fallopian tube patency only
Ovarian follicles during ovulation
Fluid in the posterior cul-de-sac
