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Grade 10 Geography Mock Exam

Total questions: 143

Worksheet time: 2hrs 46mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

The amount of water vapor in the air is known as ___.

a)

dew point

b)

humidty

c)

relative humidity

d)

rain

2.

Which one of the following is an accurate relative humidity reading?

a)

32 degrees

b)

24 mL

c)

45%

d)

15 NW

3.

When the air is full of water and has a relative humidity of 100% it is said to be ___.

a)

full

b)

humid

c)

saturated

d)

warm

4.

The condition of the atmosphere at a certain time and place is referred to as ___.

a)

weather

b)

climate

c)

relative humidity

d)

dew point

5.

Which will hold more water, warm air or cold air?

a)

Warm Air

b)

Cold AIr

6.

Dew is what?

a)

Water that is pushed out by plants

b)

Water that was a gas in the atmosphere, but when it cooled turned into liquid water touching a solid object

c)

Water from the ground

7.
Which weather instrument is useful in measuring relative humidity?
a)
barometer
b)
anemometer
c)
psychrometer
d)
wind vane
8.
The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere compared to how much it could hold.
a)
Saturation
b)
Vaporicity
c)
Absolute Humidity
d)
Relative Humidity
9.
The warmer the air the __________ water vapor it can hold.
a)
less
b)
more
10.
If the air is "saturated", that means:
a)
the air is full of water
b)
the air is partially full of water
c)
it's amount of water vapor in the atmosphere right now
d)
how much liquid water it potentially can hold
11.
What does high humidity mean?
a)
It is cold. 
b)
It is hot. 
c)
There is a little evaporated water in the air. 
d)
There is a lot of evaporated water in the air. 
12.
The sun heats up surface water, causing evaporation.  The water vapor then rises into the air creating....
a)
rain
b)
ice
c)
fog
d)
humidity
13.
If it's a hot day outside, which statement is true? 
a)
The air molecules move slower. 
b)
There are more clouds in the sky. 
c)
There is little radiation energy in the air. 
d)
There is more radiation energy in the air. 
14.
How does air temperature affect humidity?
a)
warmer air = lower humidity
colder air = higher humidty
b)
temperature does not affect humidity
c)
colder air = lower humidity
warmer air = higher humidity
d)
warm air and cold air = high humidity
15.
An anemometer is used to measure...
a)
air pressure
b)
humidity
c)
precipitation
d)
wind speed
16.
The gradual increase in average global surface temperature is called...
a)
global warming
b)
the greenhouse effect
c)
the trump effect
17.
The layer of the atmosphere where weather occurs is the _.
a)
thermosphere
b)
stratosphere
c)
mesosphere
d)
troposphere
18.
An instrument used to measure the amount of rainfall
a)
barometer
b)
thermometer
c)
rain guage
d)
wind sock
19.
An instrument used to show the direction of wind and measure the speed
a)
rain guage
b)
Thermometer
c)
barometer
d)
wind sock
20.
the amount of water vapor in the air
a)
warm front
b)
precipitation
c)
humidity
d)
air pressure
21.
An instrument used to measure how hot or cold something is
a)
barometer
b)
thermometer
c)
wind sock
d)
rain guage
22.
An instrument that measures air pressure
a)
thermometer
b)
barometer
c)
rain guage
d)
wind sock
23.
Which term describes a circulation of air or water that is caused by uneven heating?
a)
convection current
b)
conduction current
c)
radiation current
d)
emission current
24.
Which statement best describes the difference between weather and climate?
a)
Weather is the conditions when you look outside while climate is the conditions you can expect for the next 6 months.
b)
Climate is the current condition outside while weather is what you can expect for the next 6 months.
25.
Rain, sleet, hail, and freezing rain are all...
a)
precipitation
b)
condensation
c)
evaporation
d)
perspiration
26.
Earth would be too cold to support life without _____________________.
a)
global warming
b)
the greenhouse effect
c)
tropics
d)
seasons
27.
____________ air sinks/falls because it is ____________dense.
a)
Cold, More
b)
Warm, Less
c)
Cold, Less
d)
Warm, More
28.
The weight of air as it presses down on Earth's surface
a)
front
b)
air pressure
c)
air mass
d)
evaporation
29.
The place where two air masses meet.
a)
air mass
b)
air pressure
c)
water cycle
d)
front
30.
The conditions of the atmosphere at a certain time and place. 
a)
weather
b)
climate
c)
precipitation
d)
atmosphere
31.

When less dense mountain air rises and is replaced by cooler, denser valley air

a)

mountain breeze

b)

land breeze

c)

sea breeze

d)

valley breeze

32.

Movement of air from sea to land during the day when cooler air from above the water moves over the land, forcing the heated, less dense air above the land to rise

a)

sea breeze

b)

land breeze

c)

valley breeze

d)

mountain breeze

33.

Air going towards the equator that is defected by the Coriolis effect. These are named because of their usefulness to merchant vessels

a)

trade winds

b)

prevailing westerlies

c)

jet streams

d)

squall lines

34.

What characteristic do global winds and local winds share?

a)

They are both wind.

b)

They are both created by unequal heating of the Earth’s surface.

c)

They both occur in small areas.

d)

They both occur in small areas.

35.

The Coriolis effect is the curving of wind across Earth. What causes winds to curve?

a)

Earth's revolution

b)

Earth's magnetic field

c)

Earth's rotation

d)

Earth's gravitational pull

36.

The general pattern of winds around a high pressure area is clockwise, outward. The general pattern of winds around a low pressure area is counterclockwise, inward. Based on the information provided, which Texas city shown will most likely have winds from the north?

a)

Port Arthur

b)

Galveston

c)

Corpus Christi

d)

Brownsville

37.

The general pattern of winds around a high pressure area is clockwise, outward. The general pattern of winds around a low pressure area is counterclockwise, inward. Based on the information provided, the winds in Monterrey, Mexico will be mainly from the -

a)

north.

b)

east.

c)

south.

d)

west.

38.

The Jet Stream is a global pattern of atmospheric movement that influences patterns in local weather. Based on the information provided in the weather map, which city shown most recently experienced a drop in pressure and can also expect a rise in pressure over the next few days?

a)

Atlanta

b)

Cleveland

c)

Los Angeles

d)

Omaha

39.

The general pattern of winds around a high pressure area is clockwise, outward. The general pattern of winds around a low pressure area is counterclockwise, inward. Based on the information provided, which city shown will most likely have winds from the south?

a)

Rockford

b)

Chicago

c)

Kankakee

d)

La Salle

40.

The general pattern of winds around a high pressure area is clockwise, outward. The general pattern of winds around a low pressure area is counterclockwise, inward. Based on the information provided, The winds in Ann Arbor, Michigan will be mainly from the -

a)

north.

b)

east.

c)

south.

d)

west

41.

The general pattern of winds around a high pressure area is clockwise, outward. The general pattern of winds around a low pressure area is counterclockwise, inward. Based on the information provided, which Texas city shown will most likely have winds from the east?

a)

Abilene

b)

Tyler

c)

Houston

d)

San Antonio

42.

The Jet Stream is a global pattern of atmospheric movement that influences patterns in local weather. In general, one can expect clear skies with a high pressure area and cloudier conditions in areas of low pressure. Based on this information, and that provided in the weather map, which city shown most likely is currently experiencing clouds but will see clearer skies in the near future?

a)

Atlanta

b)

Cleveland

c)

Omaha

d)

Los Angeles

43.

What is the primary force that drives the movement of wind in the Earth's atmosphere?

a)

Coriolis effect

b)

Pressure gradient force

c)

Frictional force

d)

Gravitational force

44.

Which instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?

a)

Anemometer

b)

Barometer

c)

Hygrometer

d)

Thermometer

45.

How does atmospheric pressure change with altitude?

a)

It increases with altitude.

b)

It decreases with altitude.

c)

It remains constant.

d)

It fluctuates randomly.

46.

The dense subsiding air that flows toward the equator and is strongly defected to the west (coming from the east)

a)

horse latitudes

b)

prevailing westerlies

c)

polar vortex

d)

polar easterlies

47.

Winds of upper and lower elevation air that flow toward the pole from 30 degrees are deflected toward the east (coming from the west)

a)

prevailing westerlies

b)

polar easterlies

c)

trade winds

d)

horse latitudes

48.

What kind of air pressure does COLD air have?

a)

High pressure

b)

Low pressure

49.

What kind of air pressure does WARM air have?

a)

High pressure

b)

Low pressure

50.

In what direction (left or right) do winds curve in the Northern Hemisphere? Is this clockwise or counterclockwise?

a)

Left; Clockwise

b)

Right; Clockwise

c)

Right; Counterclockwise

d)

Left; Counterclockwise

51.

Steady winds between the equator and 30o  latitude north and south are known as the _______________. 

a)

doldrums

b)

jet streams

c)

easterlies

d)

trade winds

52.

The distinct wind patterns on Earth’s surface are created by ___________________ and by the Coriolis Effect.

a)

Differences in heating

b)

The ozone layer

c)

magnetic fields

d)

jet streams

53.

What is the Coriolis Effect on wind patterns?

a)

It allows them to go straight.

b)

It causes them to turn in circles.

c)

It causes them to turn slightly.

d)

There is no Coriolis Effect.

54.

What is the name for cooler air blowing from the land to the sea?

a)

Sea Breeze

b)

Land Breeze

c)

Mountain Breeze

d)

None of the Above

55.

What is the name for cooler air blowing from the sea to land?

a)

Sea Breeze

b)

Land Breeze

c)

Mountain Breeze

d)

None of the Above

56.

Global winds over the United States blow in which direction?

a)

east to west

b)

north to south

c)

south to west

d)

west to east

57.

Is not a force but results from the difference in speed of winds relative to the ground as they move from one latitude to another when the winds appear to bend because of the movement of the earth.

a)

doldrums

b)

cyclones

c)

horse latitudes

d)

Coriolis Effect

58.

What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?

a)

Barometer

b)

Anemometer

c)

Hygrometer

d)

Thermometer

59.

Which of the following best describes the Coriolis Effect?

a)

It causes moving air and water to turn left in the southern hemisphere and right in the northern hemisphere.

b)

It causes moving air and water to turn right in the southern hemisphere and left in the northern hemisphere.

c)

It has no effect on moving air and water.

d)

It causes moving air and water to move in a straight line.

60.

What is the primary cause of wind?

a)

Differences in air pressure

b)

The rotation of the Earth

c)

The presence of mountains

d)

The distance from the equator

61.

The general pattern of winds around a high pressure area is clockwise, outward. The general pattern of winds around a low pressure area is counterclockwise, inward. Based on the information provided, the winds in St Louis, Missouri will be mainly from the -

a)

north.

b)

east.

c)

south.

d)

west.

62.

The Jet Stream is a global pattern of atmospheric movement that influences patterns in local weather. Based on the information provided in the weather map, which city shown most recently saw a rise in air pressure?

a)

Baltimore

b)

Jacksonville

c)

Portland

d)

Rapid City

63.

The Jet Stream is a global pattern of atmospheric movement that influences patterns in local weather. Based on the information provided in the weather map, which city shown will most likely experience a drop in pressure over the next few days?

a)

Baltimore

b)

Jacksonville

c)

Portland

d)

Rapid City

64.

The Jet Stream is a global pattern of atmospheric movement that influences patterns in local weather. Based on the information provided in the weather map, which city shown will likely see a drop in temperature in the near future?

a)

Albany

b)

Bismarck

c)

Nashville

d)

San Diego

65.

Which of the following is a region where the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the planet is lower than that of surrounding locations; usually associated with stormy weather

a)

Low Pressure Area

b)

No Pressure Area

c)

Mid Pressure Area

d)

High Pressure Area

66.

What is the measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface?

a)

Air Pressure

b)

Jet Stream

c)

Radiation

d)

Trade Winds

67.

What is a Hadley Cell?

a)

a large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes, typically about 30 degrees North or South

b)

A wind that blows from the land to the sea due to local temperature and pressure differences

c)

Global winds that blow constantly from the same direction

d)

Dominant winds of the mid-latitudes.

68.

A region where the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the planet is greater than its surrounding environment, usually associated with dry weather

a)

High Pressure Area

b)

Low Pressure Area

c)

Mid Pressure Area

d)

No Pressure Area

69.

Prevailing cold winds that blow from the east to the west near the North Pole and South Pole?

a)

Polar Easterlies

b)

Westerlies

c)

Coriolis Effect

d)

Prevailing Winds

70.

What are prevailing winds that blow from east to west from 30 degrees latitude to the equator in both hemispheres?

a)

Trade Winds

b)

Land Breeze

c)

Hadley Cell

d)

Jet Stream

71.

These winds move from the subtropical highs to the subpolar lows from west to east

a)

Westerlies

b)

Polar Easterlies

c)

Jet Stream

d)

Sea Breeze

72.

What is the Coriolis Effect?

a)

the spread of something over a given area

b)

the effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents

c)

winds in northern Indian ocean that blow from the southwest in the summer & from the northeast in winter

d)

two layers of horizontal winds moving in opposite directions

73.

What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure?

a)

Barometer

b)

Anemometer

c)

Thermometer

d)

Hygrometer

74.

Which of the following best describes the Coriolis effect?

a)

The deflection of moving objects due to Earth's rotation

b)

The increase in wind speed with altitude

c)

The decrease in atmospheric pressure with altitude

d)

The change in temperature with latitude

75.

What causes the trade winds to blow from east to west in the tropics?

a)

Earth's rotation and the Coriolis effect

b)

The presence of mountain ranges

c)

The difference in temperature between the poles and the equator

d)

The gravitational pull of the moon

76.

Without the rotation of the planet there wouldn't be a spin of winds around the eye of the hurricane.

a)

True

b)

False

77.

For a weather system to be called hurricane, a certain wind speed is needed.

a)

True

b)

False

78.

Storming over land usually increases the power of the hurricane.

a)

True.

b)

False.

79.

Hurricanes hit the US usually from the south-west.

a)

True.

b)

False.

80.

A hurricane can form without warm moist air.

a)

True.

b)

False.

81.

Gale force means low speed.

a)

True.

b)

False.

82.

The eye of the hurricane is calm but its walls have the fastest spinning winds.

a)

True.

b)

False.

83.

Florida is often hit by hurricanes.

a)

True.

b)

False.

84.

Landfall means a storm system leaving land.

a)

True.

b)

False.

85.

Swirling means spinning.

a)

True.

b)

False.

86.

The word for heavy waves lapping out onto the land is sturgeon.

a)

True.

b)

False.

87.

Catastrophic damage causes the complete destruction of all houses in an area (no walls remain standing).

a)

True.

b)

False.

88.

For tropical storms or hurricanes to form a main ingredient is the existence of land masses that have different temperature, humidity and therefore different pressure.

a)

True.

b)

False.

89.

Weather and climate both refer to atmospheric conditions.

a)

True.

b)

False.

90.

The main rainforests are found in the following areas:

a)

South America, Africa, South East Asia

b)

South America, North America, Africa

c)

South America, Africa, Europe

d)

Europe, North America, Australia

91.

Most tropical rainforests are located in a band around which line of latitude?

a)

Tropic of cancer

b)

Equator

c)

Tropic of Capricorn

d)

Arctic circle

e)

Antarctic circle

92.

Which of the following most accurately describes climatic conditions in the tropical rainforest?

a)

Hot, usually over 27oC and very wet with over 2000mm of rainfall per year

b)

Hot, usually over 27oC and very wet with over 4000mm of rainfall per year

c)

Hot, usually over 37oC and very wet with over 2000mm of rainfall per year

93.

What are the tallest trees in the rainforest known as?

a)

Canopy

b)

Emergents

c)

Under canopy

d)

True canopy

94.

The canopy contains the most of the _____ in the rainforest.

a)

Fungi

b)

Air

c)

Animals

d)

Soil

95.

Which of the following is the main reason for the high temperature in tropical rainforests?

a)

A. Little cloud amount

b)

B. Receive large amounts of solar radiation

c)

C. Small heat loss at night

d)

D. Vigorous photosynthesis of vegetation

96.

Which rainforest layer has short bushes, trees, and ferns?

a)

Forest floor

b)

Understory

c)

Canopy

d)

Emergent layer

97.

What percentage of all biodiversity (plants and animals) is found in rainforests?

a)

5-10%

b)

20-30%

c)

40-50%

d)

70-80%

98.

Why do trees have lots of surface roots?

a)

Shallow soil.

b)

High rainfall.

c)

Lack of light on the forest floor.

d)

Insect protection

99.

The rainforest is stratified - it has different layers.

The layers, in order from top to bottom, are...

a)

Herb, shrub, sub-canopy, canopy, emergent

b)

Emergent, canopy, sub-canopy, shrub, herb

c)

Canopy, emergent, sub-canopy, herb, shrub

d)

Canopy, emergent, sub-canopy, shrub, herb

100.

The biggest store of nutrients in the rainforest is in the..

a)

Soil

b)

Litter

c)

Biomass

101.

The constant rainfall means that a lot of water infiltrates through tropical rainforest soils. As it moves through the soil, the water takes nutrients with it.

Name this process:

a)

Runoff

b)

Weathering

c)

Leaching

d)

Decomposition

102.

Select the way(s) in which plants have adapted to the high levels of rainfall

a)

Thick waxy leaves

b)

A wide canopy

c)

Drip tips

103.

These plants climb tree trunks to reach the light:

a)

Epiphytes

b)

Mahogany

c)

Lianas

d)

King Fern

104.

Many trees have buttress structures at their base. Why?

a)

To prevent moss and algae growing over leaves

b)

To reach deep into the soil to access groundwater

c)

To keep the tall, slender trunks anchored upright

d)

So that water runs off quickly

105.

What type of plant in the above photo belongs to?

a)

A. Epiphytes

b)

B. Parasites

c)

C. Stranglers

d)

D. Flowers

106.

Name the main characteristics of a hot desert

a)

High daytime temperatures, low night time temperatures, low rainfall

b)

High daytime temperatures, high night time temperatures, low rainfall

c)

Low daytime temperatures, high night time temperatures, high rainfall.

d)

Low daytime temperatures, low night time temperatures, high rainfall

107.

Deserts are located in areas of...

a)

High pressure

b)

Low pressure

108.

Most deserts are found between what degrees north and south of the equator?

a)

10 to 30 degrees

b)

20 to 40 degrees

c)

20 to 35 degrees

d)

0 to 20 degrees

109.

A lack of cloud in deserts leads to extreme ................... temperature ranges

a)

Diurnal

b)

Annual

c)

Mean

d)

Perennial

110.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of hot deserts

a)

High humidity

b)

Very hot during daytime

c)

Very cold during night time

d)

Warm, dry winds

111.

What word describes being without moisture; extremely dry; parched

a)

Barren

b)

Aridity

c)

Thirsty

d)

Tropistic

112.

A plant, which has adapted to survive within an environment with very little liquid water.

a)

Cactus

b)

Joshua Tree

c)

Xylophone

d)

Xerophyte

113.

A thick fleshy plant which retains water well within it’s stem and have very small leaves.

a)

Cactus

b)

Prickly Pear

c)

Succulent

d)

Josua Tree

114.

What is the driving force for plate tectonics?

a)

gravity slab pull

b)

the push of the mid-ocean ridge

c)

the gravity of the Moon and Sun

d)

mantle convection

115.

If a divergent plate boundary is found within a continent,

a)

a line of volcanoes forms.

b)

a subduction zone forms.

c)

the continent rifts apart.

d)

none of these.

116.

In the Hawaiian islands, the youngest volcano

a)

is about to subduct into a deep-sea trench.

b)

is above a hotspot.

c)

is above a mid-oceanic ridge in the Pacific.

d)

is topped by limestone.

117.

. Plate tectonics theory says that

a)

Earth’s geography has been the same for all geologic time.

b)

Earth’s geography is continually changing.

c)

all geological activity happens at plate boundaries.

d)

continents drift but scientists do not yet know why

118.

True or False-At transform plate boundaries, two plates move toward each other.

a)

True

b)

False

119.

New land is created at a ____________ plate boundary.

a)

Transform

b)

Convergent

c)

Divergent

d)

Strike/Slip

120.

Volcanoes are caused by the ____________ of one plate under another.

a)

subduction

b)

reduction

c)

convection

d)

none of the above

121.

The Himalayan Mountains rise at a(n) ____________ plate boundary.

a)

divergent

b)

convergent

c)

subduction

d)

strike/slip

122.

How can two lithospheric plates move relative to each other?

a)

They can only converge or diverge.

b)

They can only collide or slide along each other.

c)

They can collide, pull apart, or slide against each other

d)

They can only move toward each other.

123.

The outlines of the plates are located by mapping

a)

earthquake epicenters.

b)

continental margins.

c)

the locations of earthquake faults.

d)

mid-ocean ridges.

124.

The movement of the tectonic plates is caused by

a)

the rotation of the Earth.

b)

convection currents in the Asthenosphere

c)

the gravity of the iron-nickel core.

d)

the Moho discontinuity.

125.

In some areas of the world, like California and Japan, earthquakes are a common occurrence. How can this best be explained?

a)

The strong ocean currents are undermining both areas causing earthquakes.

b)

Both areas are located near the edge of the Pacific Ocean, the unstable sand causes earthquakes.

c)

Both areas are subjected to strong ocean wind and waves that causes earthquakes.

d)

Both areas are on the boundary of active plates, the motion of the plates causes earthquakes.

126.

Observe this diagram of a plate boundary. One statement BEST describes what is happening. It is that

a)

the oceanic crust is melting.

b)

the denser ceanic crust is subducting under the less dense oceanic crust

c)

volcanic islands are forming.

d)

the tectonic plates are moving away from each other.

127.
What geological forces might be responsible for this range of mountains?
a)
diverging tectonic plates
b)
erosion of the land by the ocean
c)
converging tectonic plates
d)
deposition of sediments by the ocean
128.

Earthquake epicenters (center of where the earthquakes started) were mapped for a 35 year period in the diagram above. The black dots indicate these epicenters. The black dots appear along what feature on Earth?

a)

hot spots

b)

plate boundaries

c)

rift zones

d)

sea floor spreading

129.

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was caused by a shift in two plates that pushed one section of the sea floor under another section of the sea floor by 5 meters. What type of boundary is this?

a)

divergent

b)

convergent

c)

transform

d)

metamorphic

130.

What is the source of energy that drives plate movement?

a)

the subducton of the sea floor

b)

the different densities of the oceanic and crustal plates

c)

convection currents in the asthenosphere

d)

the friction force between the plates that move past each other

131.
A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other is called
a)
Divergent Boundary
b)
Convergent Boundary
c)
Transform Boundary
d)
Subduction
132.
Scientists hypothesize that a super continent existed 200 million years ago.  This continent is called
a)
America
b)
Super Earth
c)
Pangea
d)
Eurasia
133.
During sea floor spreading, molten material rises up from the mantle...
a)
along the continents
b)
at the mid ocean ridges
c)
deep ocean trenches
d)
at north and south poles
134.
Which of the following is where one plate slides under another plate?
a)
submarine zone
b)
divergence zone
c)
subduction zone
d)
lower zone
135.
The area around the pacific plate where boundaries form is called...
a)
death ring
b)
fire zone
c)
ring of fire
d)
zone of fire
136.

Below is a picture of sea-floor spreading. How are the ocean crusts moving?

a)

Converging

b)

Diverging

c)

Sliding

d)

No movement

137.

The San Andreas Fault in California is known as an active earthquake area. What type of

boundary is it?

a)

Converging

b)

Diverging

c)

Transform

d)

Sea Floor Spreading

138.
The Himalayas in Asia are an example of what type of plate boundary?
a)
divergent
b)
continent-to-continent convergent
c)
ocean-to-continent convergent
d)
transform
139.
What geologic feature/event would you most likely to find at a divergent boundary between two pieces of oceanic crust?
a)
Rift Valley
b)
Mid-Ocean Ridge
c)
Island Arc
d)
Flat land
140.
What geologic feature/event would you most likely to find at a convergent boundary between two pieces of continental crust?
a)
Volcano
b)
Mountain
c)
Rift
d)
Island Arc
141.
When pressure builds between two tectonic plates, it can suddenly release causing a (an) ______________________
a)
Earthquake
b)
Volcano
c)
Convection Current
d)
Gravitational Pull
142.

The rigid section of the earth that move as a unit is called..........

a)

Gravitational Pull

b)
Volcanic Eruption
c)

Tectonic plates

d)
Convection Current
143.

All of the following are geologic features except..........

a)

rift valley

b)

earthquake

c)
deep ocean trenches
d)

moutains