WorksheetsCâu hỏi trắc nghiệm về phát triển kinh tế
Total questions: 50
Worksheet time: 38mins
According to Todaro and Smith (2020), which combination best captures the multidimensional nature of economic development?
B. Changes in social structures, acceleration of economic growth, and reduction of absolute poverty
C. Liberalization, deregulation, and market expansion
A. Industrialization, foreign investment, and privatization
D.GDP growth, currency stabilization, and foreign exchange accumulation
Schaffner (2013) emphasizes the importance of structural transformation in economic development. Which of the following best illustrates structural transformation?
A. A country increases exports of raw materials
B. Transitioning from agriculture-based employment to manufacturing and services
C. Expanding military spending to cope with regional conflicts
D. The government maintains a fixed exchange rate for a decade
Which critique is most applicable when using per capita income as a sole indicator of economic development?
A.It overstates the importance of environmental sustainability
B. It neglects distributional aspects and non-economic dimensions like health and education
C. It underestimates foreign exchange reserves
D. It fails to measure the size of a country’s informal economy
The17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasize a global partnership. Which of the following goals is directly related to both economic and social development dimensions ?
A. Target a GDP growth rate of 5%
B. Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all
C. Reduce global trade taxes
D. Expand foreign direct investment in extractive industries
Which of the following best explains Todaro & Smith’s distinction between economic growth and development in terms of policy focus?
A. Economic growth policies always lead to improvements in welfare
B. Economic development requires improvements in quality beyond quantitative economic indicators
C. Economic growth is a necessary and sufficient condition for development
D. Economic growth focuses exclusively on currency stabilization and inflation control
According to Schaffner (2013), which factor best explains the persistence of high poverty rates despite economic growth in developing countries?
A. Global financial crises
B. Inadequate attention to social institutions and distributional mechanisms
C. Overemphasis on agricultural subsidies
D. Persistent current account surpluses
Which of the following concepts emphasizes the importance of institutions in shaping development outcomes, as discussed by Perkins et al. (2013)?
A. Ricardian model of comparative advantage
B. Institutional quality’s role in ensuring fair market access and contract enforcement
C. Purchasing power parity (PPP) adjustments in GDP calculations
D. Absolute advantage in international trade
What key issue is raised in the development literature about the limitations of using GDP growth as a proxy for human well-being?
B. It captures short-term fluctuations rather than long-term trends
C. It may reflect increased output without corresponding improvements in health, education, or equality
D. It is measured in local currency units, complicating international comparisons
A. It includes only government spending and excludes private investment
Which of the following combinations best describes the characteristics of developing countries according to Todaro and Smith (2020)?
A. High capital intensity, decreasing population growth rate, and low dependency ratio
B. High dependency ratio, polarized economy, and widespread poverty
C. Full employment, income equality, and low inflation
D. Trade surplus, technological leadership, and high living standards
The 'two gaps' model mentioned in development studies mainly focuses on:
A. The productivity gap between rural and urban areas
B. The gaps in infrastructure and industrialization
C. Savings and foreign exchange constraints limiting investment and growth
D. The difference between projected and actual government spending
Which of the following definitions of economic growth is according to Todaro and Smith (2020)?
A. A temporary increase in foreign investment
B. A stable increase in national income through the expansion of production capacity
C. An increase in employment regardless of the level of output
D. An increase in exports and imports
What is the main difference between GDP and GNP (or GNI)?
A. GDP includes income from abroad, while GNP does not
B. GNP includes the value of goods and services produced by residents of a country, regardless of location
C. GDP excludes services, while GNP includes them
D. GNP is only used in developing countries
According to the Rule of 72, if the economic growth rate of a country is 6% per year, how long will it take to double the average income per capita?
A. 12 years
B. 6 years
C. 18 years
D. 72 years
In the Harrod-Domar model, which formula determines the economic growth rate?
g = c/s
g = s/c
g = s + c
g = s × c
What is a key assumption of the Lewis model of dual-sector development?
All sectors have equal productivity
The economy has surplus capital but lacks labor
The traditional sector has surplus labor with zero marginal productivity
The capitalist sector does not reinvest profits
What is the main idea of the Solow growth model regarding capital accumulation?
There are increasing returns to capital forever
Capital accumulation has diminishing returns and reaches a stable state
Saving does not affect growth
Growth can continue indefinitely only through capital
In the Romer model of endogenous growth, productivity improvement is primarily the result of:
Government borrowing.
Random events in the market.
Purposeful research, development, and technology transfer.
Reducing the labor force participation rate.
Which factor is emphasized as an important driver of long-term growth in the Solow model with technological progress?
Increased imports
Increased capital
Improvements in technology and human capital
Higher birth rates
What is a 'macroeconomic poverty trap' explained in Chapter 3?
High interest rates discourage saving
A situation where no producer invests due to perceived low profits unless others also invest
Low wages in urban areas
High foreign debt levels
What is the main limitation of the Harrod-Domar model for developing countries?
It assumes unlimited technological progress
It underestimates the role of savings
It only focuses on agriculture
It ignores complementary factors like skilled labor and managerial capacity
What does social inequality primarily refer to?
Differences in GDP between countries
Unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power within a society
Differences in population growth
Fluctuations in natural resources
What is quintile in the context of income distribution?
10% of the population
50% of the population
20% of the population
5% of the population
What does the Lorenz curve illustrate?
The relationship between population size and GDP
The deviation of actual income distribution from perfect equality
The trend of inflation rates over time
The correlation between investment and poverty
The Gini coefficient ranges from:
-1 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality)
0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality)
0 to 100%
1 to 10
Which of the following principles is NOT part of the desired attributes of inequality measures?
Anonymous principle
Transfer principle
Price stability principle
Population independence principle
Absolute poverty is best defined as:
Having an income below the national average
Unable to afford a basic minimum package of goods and services
Living in rural areas
Earns below the average salary
The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) measures deprivation in which three areas?
Education, health, and living standards
Income, employment, and assets
Food, housing, and security
Education, income, and taxes
According to Kuznets' inverted U hypothesis, when a country develops economically:
Inequality increases, then decreases
Inequality continuously increases
Inequality continuously decreases
Poverty increases, then decreases, and then increases again
What does vulnerability to poverty mean?
The current level of poverty in a country
The probability of a household falling below the poverty line after an economic shock or disaster
Government spending on poverty reduction
The percentage of people living below double the poverty line
Which of the following factors affects social welfare (W)?
W = W(Y, I, P), where Y is per capita income, I is inequality, and P is absolute poverty.
W = W(Y, P, G), where Y is GDP growth, P is productivity, and G is government spending.
W = W(I, P, T), where I is inflation, P is prices, and T is the trade balance.
W = W(Y, T, E), where Y is output, T is the tax rate, and E is employment.
What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?
The number of children a woman has by the age of 30
The number of children born per 1,000 people in a year
The number of children a woman will have if she experiences the current age-specific fertility rates throughout her reproductive years
The average number of children in a household
Malthus viewed population growth as
A source of technological advancement
A neutral factor in economic growth
A driver of economies of scale
A threat that would outpace agricultural productivity
Which of the following is a strategy mentioned for developing countries to control population growth?
Only allowing immigration of skilled workers.
Promoting large families through subsidies.
Expanding family-planning programs and economic incentives for smaller families.
Decreasing access to contraceptives.
What is the youth dependency ratio?
The ratio of people aged 15-64 to those over 65
The proportion of young people under 15 relative to the working-age population (16-64)
The percentage of students in the total population
The ratio of rural to urban youth
In the context of labor markets, underemployment refers to
Being completely jobless
Working in jobs that underutilize a worker’s skills or offer fewer hours than desired
Working abroad temporarily
Being employed full-time at minimum wage
Which of the following best describes the informal sector in developing countries?
Employment mainly in government offices
Jobs with formal contracts, social insurance, and legal protections
Small-scale, often self-employed work, with few legal protections and informal arrangements
Work strictly limited to agricultural activities
What is temporary migration?
Moving permanently to another country
Migrants staying in destination regions for limited months or years before returning
Moving within a country for tourism purposes
Seasonal vacations to rural areas
In the benchmark model of skills in developing country labor markets, what happens when low-skill workers become high-skill workers?
The supply of low-skilled workers increases
The wages for high-skilled workers increase
The supply of high-skill workers increases, and wages for high-skill workers tend
Employers stop offering training programs
What is one main reason labor market segmentation occurs?
All firms are required to pay the same wages
Legal minimum wages are enforced only for large employer
Workers have identical preferences for all jobs
Informal sector workers have more benefits than formal sector workers
What is the crude birth rate?
The number of women giving birth each year
The number of children born alive per 1,000 people in a given year
The rate of births minus deaths in a country
The percentage of women of childbearing age
What does the human capital approach emphasize?
Investment in infrastructure and machinery
The role of education, health, and other human capabilities in enhancing productivity
Only accumulating physical capital
International trade policy
A common misconception about income growth in low-income countries is what?
Higher income automatically leads to improved nutrition and education
Lower income always reduces food consumption
Income growth is unrelated to consumption choices
Families never change their food consumption habits with higher income
The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) includes indicators related to:
Health, education, and living standards
GDP, inflation, and unemployment
Urbanization, technology, and migration
Political rights, education, and national defense
In the trade-off of education, which of the following is an indirect cost of education?
Tuition fees
Student uniform
Income lost while studying
Cost of books
What is an education certification?
A certification necessary for international travel
A policy that all jobs require a university degree
When specific jobs require specific levels of education
A method of ranking schools globally
According to WHO, health is defined as:
The absence of disease
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
Being free from disability
The ability to work without illness
What does DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year) represent?
A measure of income inequality
One year of total earnings lost
One year of education forgone due to illness
One lost year of “healthy” life due to disability or early death
What has been shown to have a particularly high rate of return in development goals?
A. Infrastructure investment
B. Expansion of basic education for girls
C. Public transport systems
D. Large-scale farming
In developing countries, what is a common effect of increasing women's education?
A. No effect on fertility
B. Higher fertility and early marriage
C. Lower fertility, later marriage, and improved child health
D. Decline in labor force participation
.What is one consequence of gender bias in education and health
A. Boys benefit more from maternal education
B. It reduces overall economic productivity
C. It increases GDP in the short ter
D. It is unrelated to future health outcomes
