Part 2

For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). In the exam, write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on tho separate answer sheet.

Example: OF

Cycling makes financial sense

These days, most people are aware 0 _____ the environmental impact of motor vehicles, and they realise that cars are responsible 9 _____ many of the problems facing their cities. Not 10 _____ people, however, ever stop 11 _____ think about how much money they would save by switching from driving to cycling.

Cars cost a lot to buy, and 12 _____ other major investments such as houses, they quickly lose their value. On 13 _____ of that, there are running costs such as repair bills, tax and insurance, all of 14 _____ seem to go up every year.

Bicycles, by contrast, are far 15 _____ expensive to purchase and maintain, do not require petrol and are easy to park. And if a lot more people took up cycling, the government could spend less of the nation’s resources on roads, which at present their taxes help pay for 16 _____ they drive on them or not.

Part 3

For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
In the exam, write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet.

Example: PREDICTIONS

Too many emails

Some years ago, there were 0 _____ that email would soon be replaced as the most common means of online communication by social 17 _____ sites. Since then, however, the number of emails sent has increased 18 _____, to the point that the volume received on a daily basis has become 19 _____ for many people.

For some users, the situation has become so 20 _____ that they regularly delete all the emails they receive without even bothering to read them, which is rather 21 _____, to say the least. A less extreme measure is to install software that sorts incoming mail into different categories. By doing this, promotions from 22 _____ organisations, for instance, go into a separate folder from messages arriving from friends or employers, 23 _____ us to see which emails are more important than others. Not all of us, though, may be so keen to let software make such 24 _____ for us.

0.PREDICT
17.WORK
18.STEADY
19.STRESS
20.BEAR
21.RISK
22.COMMERCE
23.ABLE
24.DECIDE

Part 4

For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. Here is an example (0).

Example:
0.Everyone expects that the Olympic champion will win the next race, too.
EXPECTED
The Olympic champion _______________ win the next race, too.

Example: 0. IS EXPECTED TO

25. ‘I’ll take you to the station if you’re ready,’ my brother said.
LONG
My brother said he’d take me to the station _______________ ready.

26. My bike needs repairing again.
GET
I’ll have to _______________ again.

27. The firm said profits had fallen on account of the recession.
FALL
The firm blamed _______________ the recession.

28. Sigourney regretted spending so much in the shops.
WISHED
Sigourney _______________ less in the shops.

29. People believe that poem was written about these beautiful hills.
HAVE
That poem _______________ written about these beautiful hills.

30. Without your help, I wouldn’t have finished the job.
BEEN
I wouldn’t have finished the job if _______________ your help.

Part 5

You are going to read an article about studying abroad for a year. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (А, В, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

A lot can happen in a year abroad

Like many students before her, studying abroad bad a profound affect on Sarah Morrison

As I sat staring out at California’s spectacular Big Sur coastline, I felt fortunate to have a sister who had persuaded me to spend a year of my degree abroad. It seems that there are not enough older siblings explaining just how easy it is to take part in an international exchange.

While most universities offer worldwide exchanges, where students swap places with others from all over the world for a semester or a year during their degree, the number and quality on offer, together with the cost and time spent abroad, vary dramatically.

A deciding factor for me in choosing to study at the University of Edinburgh was the fact it offered more than 230 exchange places at overseas universities in the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, China, South Korea, Japan, Singapore and South America.

Despite all this choice, I still found that deciding to spend a year abroad was something of a novelty, with most of my friends giving more thought to embracing Edinburgh than packing their bags to leave a city that had only just become their home. Yet, fortified by my sister’s advice and a Californian friend who told me I would love the coast, I applied to spend my third year at the University of California, Berkeley – never guessing that this would affect almost every future decision I would make.

From the start of your exchange, you are aware that the time you have in your new country is limited and not to be wasted. Your experience is shaped by a predetermined start and end, which immediately increases the significance of the time in between.

From the first week I arrived, I started to work at The Daily Californian, Berkeley’s student newspaper. I moved from an international house with more than 600 students from all over the world into a co-operative house where 60 of us shared responsibility for management of the building. I met people from Calcutta, Cairo and Chile, and learnt that holding on to any stereotypes I might have about Americans would be about as useful as assuming that all European people lived on farms.

The grades I earned at Berkeley didn’t actually count towards my degree classification at Edinburgh. However, I studied under a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, signed up for student-led seminars and took an African American literature class that shaped my dissertation in Edinburgh. Whether I was learning about contemporary poets on a tour of San Francisco or reporting on the President’s speech in San Francisco for the next day’s newspaper, my stay there enabled me to return to Edinburgh with an increased sense of awareness about what I wanted to gain from my English literature degree.

While the expense might seem like an initial barrier to international exchanges, in reality they can actually save a student money. Visas, health insurance and flights to the chosen country will have to be bought, but a student will usually only be charged 25 to 50 per cent of their home university’s annual fees. A student travelling abroad is entitled to a larger student loan, and grants are available at many institutions for students going on an exchange.

Taking part in an exchange may not appeal to all students. You have to research the options independently, apply almost a year before you go away and be aware of the grades required in the first year to qualify for a place on one. Even so, Edinburgh’s international exchange officer, Helen Leitch, says: ‘If I had a pound for every time that students told me it was the best experience of their life, I would be a very wealthy woman indeed.’

31.One reason Sarah became a student at Edinburgh University was that
A she could first study abroad and then move to Edinburgh.
В her sister had previously studied at Edinburgh.
C she could do part of her studies at a suitable university abroad.
D most of the students at Edinburgh spend a year at an overseas university

32. How did Sarah feel when she went to Berkeley?
A She was pleased to find the people were exactly as she had expected.
В She knew she wanted to make the most of her stay there.
C She wanted to get a job rather than begin studying immediately.
D She began to wish her stay there could be a little shorter.

33. What does Sarah feel she achieved at Berkeley?
A She formed a clearer idea of what her long-term aims were.
В She took the first steps towards becoming a teacher.
C She developed her poetry-writing skills significantly.
D She ensured that she would graduate with a first-class degree.

34. What does Sarah say about the cost of an international university exchange?
A As a student you can get reduced rates for health insurance.
В Your fees may be cut by half for every year of your course.
C It can be cheaper overall than studying in your own country.
D Taking cheap flights abroad can save you a lot of money.

35. What does ‘one’ refer to in the last paragraph (underlined)?
A an international exchange as part of a university course
В a research degree at a university in another country
C a university course that is paid for by the government
D the first year of a university course in your own country

36. What does Helen Leitch suggest in the final paragraph?
A Students who do international exchanges often go on to become extremely rich.
В Most students who’ve done an international exchange believe it was highly worthwhile.
C Only students from rich families can afford to do an international exchange.
D She should be paid a far higher salary for organising international exchanges.