◼ ______ in-situ data collection
◼ Scientists can be _________
◼ Scientists might use ______ procedures in data
collection
◼ Measurement-device calibration error
◼ __-____ data: not ground truth, but is
considered as __-____ ground reference data
◼ __-____ data: important to calibrate and validate
remote sensing measurements

(a)  

Remote sensing data collection

◼ _____ Remote Sensing Definition
◼ “The measurement or acquisition of information of some property of an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is ___ in _______ or ________ contact with the object or phenomenon under study” (Colwell, 1983)
◼ _____ adopted a ________ formal definition of photogrammetry and remote sensing as (Colwell, 1997):
◼ “the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment, through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting imagery and digital representations of energy patterns derived from ___-_______ sensor systems”.

(a)  

• __________
–___________ if the sensor is passively recording information
– Systematic data collection, data cover _____ location in the study area. Can ______ the sampling bias introduced in some in situ investigations.
– Under controlled conditions, remote sensing can provide fundamental biophysical information
– ________, especially if data for large area are needed
• ___________
– ________, not a panacea.
– May contain human method-produced _____
– Instrument may become ____________, and _____ in the data collection
– Powerful active remote sensing systems, such as lasers or radar, can be_________
– May be _________, which can be justified by the information collected.

(a)  

Resolution of Remote Sensing Data

◼ __________ (Resolving power)
◼ A measure of the ability of an optical system to ___________ between signals that are spatially near or spectrally similar
◼ __________ Types
◼ ______ - the size of the field-of-view, e.g. 10 x 10 m
◼ ________ - the number and size of spectral regions the sensor records data in, e.g. blue, green, red, near- infrared thermal infrared, microwave (radar).
◼ ________ Resolution - how often the sensor acquires data, e.g. every 30 days
◼___________ Resolution - the sensitivity of detectors to small differences in electromagnetic energy

(a)  

Low and High Resolutions
◼ ____ spatial resolution means _______ IFOV and _______ objects can be detected
◼ ___ spatial resolution means ______ IFOV and ____ ______ objects can be detected by the sensor.

(a)  

_______ Information
◼ Remote sensing systems record very ________ angular characteristics associated with each exposed silver halide crystal or pixel. The angular characteristics are a function
of:
◼ ________ in a three-dimensional sphere of the illumination source (e.g., the Sun for a passive system or the sensor itself in the case of RADAR, LIDAR, and SONAR) and its associated azimuth and zenith angles,
◼ ___________ of the terrain _____ (pixel) or terrain _____ (e.g., vegetation) under investigation, and
◼ location of the __________ or _______ remote sensing system and its associated azimuth and zenith angles.

(a)  

Bidirectional Nature
◼ There is ______ an angle of _________ associated with the incoming energy that illuminates the _______ and an angle of ____ from the _______ to the sensor system. This bidirectional nature of remote sensing data collection is known to influence the spectral and polarization characteristics of the at-sensor radiance, _, recorded by the remote sensing system.

(a)  

◼ __________/________ systems
◼ Put sensors on aircrafts to collect data
◼ Aerial photography, such as NAPP
◼ NASA’s AVIRIS
◼ Airborne LiDAR
◼ _________/__________ systems
◼ Landsat
◼ NASA EO-1, MODIS...
◼ __________ sensors: Quickbird, WorldView

(a)  

Remote sensing data analysis
◼ Types of Image Analysis methods
◼ ______ (______) Image Processing
◼ _______ Image Processing
◼ ___________ Image Analysis Tasks
◼ _________ and/or identification of important phenomena in the scene
◼ ___________ of the phenomena to obtain information
◼ ___________ of the extracted information in problem solving

(a)  

Digital Image Analysis
▪ Image _____________
▪ Image ___________ (expert knowledge interpretation)
▪ Image ______________ (spectral signature classification)
▪ Time series analysis (Raster GIS systems analysis)
▪ Hyperspectral image analysis
▪ Expert system

(a)  

Image _____________

◼ Image _____________
◼ ___________ correction: a procedure to ______ the ______ or ______ gained by the sensor system (e.g., electronic noise) or the environment (e.g., atmospheric scattering)
◼ _________ correction: a procedure to put the imagery to a proper ___________ position in a standard projection.

(a)  

Image ___________
▪ ________________
-Image exploration
-Explore what is on screen
-_______: pull out details that are not readily visible
-Image Exploration is A Form of Scientific Visualization

▪ Viewer explores image
▪ looking and interpreting the unknown
▪ Not cartography: presents known info to a viewer
▪ Viewer explores unknown relationships

▪ ____________ generalization
▪ Expert image interpretation
▪ ______ information to what is necessary
▪ Present to viewer generalized image

(a)  

Image ______________
▪ ________ scene into information categories or classes
- Extract land cover land use information
-Conduct pixel-based classification

▪ ________ and ___________ classifiers

-Consider surrounding rasters/pixels
-Take into account color, pattern, texture, and context
-Object-based classification

▪ ______________ algorithms
-Parametric vs. non-parametric

(a)  

Time ______ ________
▪ Map patterns of ______ between dates
▪ ______ detection (large scale, small
area, two dates)
▪ Time ______ (regional, continental or
global, multiple dates)

(a)  

_____________ image analysis
◼ ____________ instruments collect remote sensing in hundreds of bands
◼ Produce material level information
◼ Require special techniques to process such type of imagery
◼ _____ ______, EO- 1/________

(a)  

______ ______

◼ Expert System
-Incorporate human knowledge and ancillary data (decision-tree algorithm)
-Let the data speak for itself
-Approaches
+Explicitly extract knowledge and create rules
+Implicitly extract variables and rule using cognitive methods
+Empirically generate rules from observed data

(a)  

Equipment considerations in ___
◼ High quality graphics capability
◼ ______ performance PC or workstations to process _____ volume of imagery and run functions in the software packages
◼ Store _____ volume of data
◼ Landsat file size per scene:
◼ Landsat 8: 2 GB
◼ Landsat 7: 500 MB
◼ Landsat 4-5 TM: 350 MB
◼ Landsat 1-5 MSS: 50 MB
◼ ____ ____ (1-meter): 140-150 MB per file
◼ Save your work and back up the data will use more space

(a)  

Unique Considerations of Digital Image Analysis

▪ _____, picture element, ________ unit of computer
graphic display
▪ _____ depth or ___ depth
▪ 8 bit system= 256 _______ of 256 ____ tones per band
▪ ____ = 3 bands
▪_______ __ 7 bands
▪ Computer RGB display (3, 8-bit color guns)
▪ 256*3= 768 bit depth
▪ Can display maximum of 768 colors simultaneously
▪ 24 bit image plain (3 8- bit color guns)
▪ ___ color gun (8 bit)= 256 grey tones
▪ ____ color gun (8 bit)= 256 grey tones
▪ _____ color gun (8 bit)= 256 grey tones

(a)  

Understanding Imagery as Digital Data

▪ Image composed of ____ ______ _____(BVs)
▪ ______ _____ is a digit to represent the relative ___________ or _________ signal obtained by the radiometers
▪ Each band is a separate grid of raster BVs
▪ Each raster/cell is displayed as a pixel
▪ Color gun settings in the software package for a single pixel are stored as numbers
▪ How to store the BVs in the computer
▪ _____ are composed of bits which are binary switches, either _ or _, and recorded as powers of _ (1 byte=8 bits; 1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte; 1,000,000 bytes = 1 Megabyte (MB); 1024 MB=1GB)
▪ 7 Bit system: 27 =128 integers, BVs are in the range of 0-127
▪ 8 Bit system: 28 =256 integers, BVs are in the range of 0-255

(a)  

Data _________ Characteristics
▪ _ parts to an image file
▪ ______, ____, _______
▪ Header contains basic information
▪ Number of ____
▪ Number of _______
▪ Spatial resolution of _______ in x, y
▪ ____________ information
▪ Data contains ___ and attributes
▪ Trailer contains palette or color information

(a)  

Data File _______
▪ Data is a ______ of numbers
▪ _____ ways multiband data is stored
▪ Band _________ (___): the simplest format
▪ Band Interleaved by Pixel (___): provides optimum performance for spectral ______ of the image data
▪ Band Interleaved by Line (___): provides a __________ in performance between spatial and spectral processing

(a)  

Band _________(___)

(a)  

Band Interleaved by _____ (___)

(a)  

Band Interleaved by ____ (___)

(a)