"There is evidence that winter ice was stored to preserve food in the summer as far back as 10,000 years ago. Two thousand years ago, the inhabitants of South America's Andean mountains had a unique means of conserving potatoes." Từ "inhabitants" có nghĩa là gì?

"The inhabitants of South America's Andean mountains had a unique means of conserving potatoes for later consumption." Cụm từ "unique means" có nghĩa là gì?

"The inhabitants of South America's Andean mountains had a unique means of conserving potatoes for later consumption." Từ "conserving" có nghĩa là gì?

"The inhabitants of South America's Andean mountains had a unique means of conserving potatoes for later consumption." Từ "consumption" có nghĩa là gì?

"They froze them overnight, then trampled them to squeeze out the moisture." Từ "trampled" có nghĩa là gì?

"Then trampled them to squeeze out the moisture, then dried them in the sun." Cụm từ "squeeze out" có nghĩa là gì?

"Then trampled them to squeeze out the moisture, then dried them in the sun." Từ "moisture" có nghĩa là gì?

"This preserved their nutritional value—if not their aesthetic appeal." Từ "preserved" có nghĩa là gì?

"This preserved their nutritional value—if not their aesthetic appeal." Cụm từ "nutritional value" có nghĩa là gì?

"This preserved their nutritional value—if not their aesthetic appeal." Cụm từ "aesthetic appeal" có nghĩa là gì?

"Natural ice remained the main form of refrigeration until late in the 19th century." Từ "refrigeration" có nghĩa là gì?

"In the early 1800s, ship owners from Boston, USA, had enormous blocks of Arctic ice towed all over the Atlantic." Từ "towed" có nghĩa là gì?

"In 1851, railroads first began putting blocks of ice in insulated rail cars." Từ "railroads" có nghĩa là gì?

"Railroads first began putting blocks of ice in insulated rail cars." Từ "insulated" có nghĩa là gì?

"In insulated rail cars to send butter from Ogdensburg, New York, to Boston." Cụm từ "rail cars" có nghĩa là gì?

"In insulated rail cars to send butter from Ogdensburg, New York, to Boston." Từ "butter" có nghĩa là gì?

"Finally, in 1870, Australian inventors found a way to make 'mechanical ice'." Cụm từ "mechanical ice" có nghĩa là gì?

"They used a compressor to force a gas—ammonia at first and later Freon—through a condenser." Từ "compressor" có nghĩa là gì?

"They used a compressor to force a gas—ammonia at first and later Freon—through a condenser." Từ "condenser" có nghĩa là gì?

"The compressed gas gave up some of its heat as it moved through the condenser." Từ "compressed" có nghĩa là gì?

"The compressed gas gave up some of its heat as it moved through the condenser." Cụm từ "gave up" có nghĩa là gì?

"Then the gas was released quickly into a low-pressure evaporator coil where it became liquid and cold." Cụm từ "low-pressure evaporator coil" có nghĩa là gì?

"Air was blown over the evaporator coil and then this cooled air passed into an insulated compartment." Cụm từ "an insulated compartment" có nghĩa là gì?

"Initially, this process was invented to keep Australian beer cool even in hot weather. But Australian cattlemen were quick to realize that, if they could put this new invention on a ship, they could export meat across the oceans." Từ "Australian cattlemen" có nghĩa là gì?

"In 1880, a shipment of Australian beef and mutton was sent, frozen, to England." Từ "mutton" có nghĩa là gì?

"While the food frozen this way was still palatable, there was some deterioration." Từ "palatable" có nghĩa là gì?

"While the food frozen this way was still palatable, there was some deterioration." Từ "deterioration" có nghĩa là gì?

"During the freezing process, crystals formed within the cells of the food." Từ "crystals" có nghĩa là gì?

"During the freezing process, crystals formed within the cells of the food." Từ "cells" có nghĩa là gì?

"And when the ice expanded and the cells burst, this spoilt the flavor and texture of the food." Từ "burst" có nghĩa là gì?

"And when the ice expanded and the cells burst, this spoilt the flavor and texture of the food." Từ "flavor" có nghĩa là gì?

"And when the ice expanded and the cells burst, this spoilt the flavor and texture of the food." Từ "texture" có nghĩa là gì?

"The modern frozen food industry began with the indigenous Inuit people of Canada." Từ "indigenous" có nghĩa là gì?

"Named Clarence Birdseye, ran out of money and went to Labrador in Canada to trap and trade furs." Từ "trap" có nghĩa là gì?

"Went to Labrador in Canada to trap and trade furs." Từ "furs" có nghĩa là gì?

"Birdseye returned to the USA in 1917 and began developing mechanical freezers capable of quick-freezing food." Cụm từ "mechanical freezers" có nghĩa là gì?

"Birdseye methodically kept inventing better freezers and gradually built a business." Từ "methodically" có nghĩa là gì?

"But he stayed with the company as director of research, and his division continued to innovate." Cụm từ "director of research" có nghĩa là gì?

"But he stayed with the company as director of research, and his division continued to innovate." Từ "division" có nghĩa là gì?

"And his division continued to innovate." Từ "innovate" có nghĩa là gì?

"Birdseye was responsible for several key innovations that made the frozen food industry possible." Cụm từ "key innovations" có nghĩa là gì?

"He also introduced the use of cellophane, the first transparent material for food packaging." Cụm từ "transparent material" có nghĩa là gì?

"He also introduced the use of cellophane, the first transparent material for food packaging." Cụm từ "food packaging" có nghĩa là gì?

"Birdseye products also came in convenient size packages that could be prepared with a minimum of effort." Cụm từ "convenient size packages" có nghĩa là gì?

"That could be prepared with a minimum of effort." Cụm từ "a minimum of effort" có nghĩa là gì?

"But there were still obstacles." Từ "obstacles" có nghĩa là gì?

"In the 1930s, few grocery stores could afford to buy freezers for a market that wasn't established yet." Cụm từ "few grocery stores" có nghĩa là gì?

"Few grocery stores could afford to buy freezers for a market that wasn't established yet." Từ "established" có nghĩa là gì?

"So, Birdseye leased inexpensive freezer cases to them." Từ "leased" có nghĩa là gì?

"He also leased insulated railroad cars so that he could ship his products nationwide." Cụm từ "insulated railroad cars" có nghĩa là gì?

"However, few consumers had freezers large enough or efficient enough to take advantage of the products." Cụm từ "take advantage of" có nghĩa là gì?

"Sales increased in the early 1940s, when World War II gave a boost to the frozen food industry." Cụm từ "a boost" có nghĩa là gì?

"Because tin was being used for munitions." Từ "tin" có nghĩa là gì?

"Because tin was being used for munitions." Từ "munitions" có nghĩa là gì?

"Canned foods were rationed to save tin for the war effort." Từ "rationed" có nghĩa là gì?

"Finally, by the 1950s, refrigerator technology had developed far enough to make these appliances affordable for the average family." Từ "appliances" có nghĩa là gì?

"By 1953, 33 million US families owned a refrigerator, and manufacturers were gradually increasing the size of the freezer compartments in them." Cụm từ "freezer compartments" có nghĩa là gì?

"1950s families were also looking for convenience at mealtimes." Từ "convenience" có nghĩa là gì?

"Swanson Foods was a large, nationally recognized producer of canned and frozen poultry." Cụm từ "frozen poultry" có nghĩa là gì?

"In 1954, the company adapted some of Birdseye's freezing techniques." Từ "adapted" có nghĩa là gì?

"This consisted of frozen turkey, potatoes and vegetables served in the same segmented aluminum tray that was used by airlines." Cụm từ "segmented aluminum tray" có nghĩa là gì?

"American consumers couldn't resist the combination of a trusted brand name." Từ "resist" có nghĩa là gì?

"Today, the US frozen food industry has a turnover of over $67 billion annually." Từ "turnover" có nghĩa là gì?

"The US frozen food industry has a turnover of over $67 billion annually." Từ "billion" có nghĩa là gì?

"The remaining $40 billion in frozen food sales come through restaurants, cafeterias, hospitals and schools." Từ "cafeterias" có nghĩa là gì?

"Conservationists have put the final touches to a giant artificial reef." Từ "Conservationists" có nghĩa là gì?

"Conservationists have put the final touches to a giant artificial reef." Cụm từ "final touches" có nghĩa là gì?

"They have been assembling at the world-renowned Zoological Society of London." Từ "assembling" có nghĩa là gì?

"Samples of the planet's most spectacular corals have been added to the giant tank." Từ "Samples" có nghĩa là gì?

"Samples of the planet's most spectacular corals have been added to the giant tank." Cụm từ "spectacular corals" có nghĩa là gì?

"Vivid green branching coral, yellow scroll, blue ridge and many more species." Cụm từ "vivid green branching coral" có nghĩa là gì?

"Vivid green branching coral, yellow scroll, blue ridge and many more species." Cụm từ "yellow scroll" có nghĩa là gì?

"Vivid green branching coral, yellow scroll, blue ridge and many more species." Cụm từ "blue ridge" có nghĩa là gì?

"Have been added to the giant tank along with fish that thrive in their presence." Cụm từ "thrive in" có nghĩa là gì?

"Fish that thrive in their presence: blue tang, clownfish and many others." Cụm từ "blue tang" có nghĩa là gì?

"Blue tang, clownfish and many others." Từ "clownfish" có nghĩa là gì?

"The reef is in the zoo's new gallery, Tiny Giants, which is dedicated to the minuscule invertebrate creatures." Cụm từ "dedicated to" có nghĩa là gì?

"Which is dedicated to the minuscule invertebrate creatures that sustain life across the planet." Cụm từ "minuscule invertebrate creatures" có nghĩa là gì?

"The minuscule invertebrate creatures that sustain life across the planet." Từ "sustain" có nghĩa là gì?

"The coral reef tank and its seven-metre-wide window form the core of the exhibition." Từ "core" có nghĩa là gì?

"Said Paul Pearce-Kelly, senior curator of invertebrates and fish." Từ "curator" có nghĩa là gì?

"Senior curator of invertebrates and fish at the Zoological Society of London." Từ "invertebrates" có nghĩa là gì?

"We also want to highlight the research and conservation efforts that are now being carried out to try to save them from the threat of global warming. They want people to see what is being done to try to save these wonders." Từ "wonders" có nghĩa là gì?

"Corals are composed of tiny animals, known as polyps." Cụm từ "composed of" có nghĩa là gì?

"Corals are composed of tiny animals, known as polyps, with tentacles." Từ "polyps" có nghĩa là gì?

"Known as polyps, with tentacles for capturing small marine creatures." Từ "tentacles" có nghĩa là gì?

"These polyps are transparent but get their brilliant tones." Từ "transparent" có nghĩa là gì?

"But get their brilliant tones of pink, orange, blue, green, etc. from algae." Từ "tones" có nghĩa là gì?

"Get their brilliant tones of pink, orange, blue, green, etc. from algae that live within them." Từ "algae" có nghĩa là gì?

"Which in turn get protection, while their photosynthesising of the sun's rays provides nutrients for the polyps." Từ "photosynthesising" có nghĩa là gì?

"While their photosynthesising of the sun's rays provides nutrients for the polyps." Từ "nutrients" có nghĩa là gì?

"This comfortable symbiotic relationship has led to the growth of coral reefs." Cụm từ "symbiotic relationship" có nghĩa là gì?

"Providing homes for more than 25% of marine species, including fish, molluscs, sponges and shellfish." Từ "molluscs" có nghĩa là gì?

"Including fish, molluscs, sponges and shellfish." Từ "sponges" có nghĩa là gì?

"Including fish, molluscs, sponges and shellfish." Từ "shellfish" có nghĩa là gì?

"As a result, coral reefs are often described as the 'rainforests of the sea', though the comparison is dismissed by some naturalists." Từ "dismissed" có nghĩa là gì?

"You go there and the first thing you think is: where are the birds? Where are the animals? They are hiding in the trees, of course. No, if you want beauty and wildlife, you want a coral reef. Put on a mask and stick your head under the water. The sight is mind-blowing." Từ "sight" có nghĩa là gì?

"Put on a mask and stick your head under the water. The sight is mind-blowing." Cụm từ "mind-blowing" có nghĩa là gì?

"Unfortunately, these majestic sights are now under very serious threat." Cụm từ "majestic sights" có nghĩa là gì?

"With the most immediate problem coming in the form of thermal stress." Cụm từ "thermal stress" có nghĩa là gì?

"Rising ocean temperatures are triggering bleaching events that strip reefs of their colour." Từ "triggering" có nghĩa là gì?

"Rising ocean temperatures are triggering bleaching events that strip reefs of their colour." Cụm từ "bleaching events" có nghĩa là gì?

"Other menaces include ocean acidification, sea level increase, pollution by humans." Từ "menaces" có nghĩa là gì?

"Other menaces include ocean acidification, sea level increase, pollution by humans." Cụm từ "ocean acidification" có nghĩa là gì?

"Other menaces include ocean acidification, sea level increase, pollution by humans, deoxygenation and ocean current changes." Từ "deoxygenation" có nghĩa là gì?

"As a result, vast areas - including massive chunks of Australia's Great Barrier Reef - have already been destroyed." Cụm từ "massive chunks" có nghĩa là gì?

"Pearce-Kelly says that coral reefs have to survive really harsh conditions - wave erosion and other factors." Cụm từ "harsh conditions" có nghĩa là gì?

"Coral reefs have to survive really harsh conditions - wave erosion and other factors." Cụm từ "wave erosion" có nghĩa là gì?

"However, scientists are trying to pinpoint hardy types of coral that could survive our overheated oceans." Từ "pinpoint" có nghĩa là gì?

"Scientists are trying to pinpoint hardy types of coral that could survive our overheated oceans." Cụm từ "overheated oceans" có nghĩa là gì?

"One aim will be to carry out research on species to find those that can survive best in warm, acidic waters." Cụm từ "acidic waters" có nghĩa là gì?

"Another will be to try to increase coral breeding rates." Cụm từ "coral breeding rates" có nghĩa là gì?

"Coral spawn just once a year." Từ "spawn" có nghĩa là gì?

"However, aquarium-based research has enabled some corals to spawn artificially." Cụm từ "spawn artificially" có nghĩa là gì?

"Which can assist coral reef restoration efforts." Cụm từ "restoration efforts" có nghĩa là gì?

"That would be a big help in restoring blighted reefs." Cụm từ "blighted reefs" có nghĩa là gì?

"Saving our coral reefs is now a critically important ecological goal." Cụm từ "a critically important ecological goal" có nghĩa là gì?

"When asked 'Should robots be used to colonise other planets?'" Từ "colonise" có nghĩa là gì?

"Cosmology and astrophysics Professor Martin Rees said he believed the solar system would be mapped." Từ "astrophysics" có nghĩa là gì?

"He believed the solar system would be mapped by robotic craft by the end of the century." Cụm từ "robotic craft" có nghĩa là gì?

"The next step would be mining of asteroids." Từ "mining" có nghĩa là gì?

"The next step would be mining of asteroids." Cụm từ "of asteroids" có nghĩa là gì?

"Enabling fabrication of large structures in space." Từ "fabrication" có nghĩa là gì?

"I think this is more realistic and benign than the 'terraforming' of planets." Từ "benign" có nghĩa là gì?

"He maintains that colonised planets should be preserved." Từ "maintains" có nghĩa là gì?

"He maintains that colonised planets should be preserved." Cụm từ "colonised planets" có nghĩa là gì?

"Should be preserved with a status that is analogous to Antarctica here on Earth." Từ "analogous" có nghĩa là gì?

"On the question of using robots to colonise other planets and exploit mineral resources." Cụm từ "exploit mineral resources" có nghĩa là gì?

"Engineering Professor Daniel Wolpert replied, 'I don't see a pressing need to colonise other planets.'" Cụm từ "a pressing need" có nghĩa là gì?

"The vast majority of Earth is currently inaccessible to us." Cụm từ "vast majority" có nghĩa là gì?

"The vast majority of Earth is currently inaccessible to us." Từ "inaccessible" có nghĩa là gì?

"Meanwhile, for anthropology Professor Kathleen Richardson." Từ "anthropology" có nghĩa là gì?

"The idea of 'colonisation' of other planets seemed morally dubious." Cụm từ "morally dubious" có nghĩa là gì?

"I think whether we do something on Earth or on Mars we should always do it in the spirit of a genuine interest." Từ "spirit" có nghĩa là gì?

"We should always do it in the spirit of a genuine interest in 'the Other'." Cụm từ "genuine interest" có nghĩa là gì?

"How soon will machine intelligence outstrip human intelligence?" Từ "outstrip" có nghĩa là gì?

"Robots are still limited in their ability to sense their environment." Từ "sense" có nghĩa là gì?

"Later this century, however, their more advanced successors may relate to their surroundings." Cụm từ "more advanced successors" có nghĩa là gì?

"Their more advanced successors may relate to their surroundings, and to people, as adeptly as we do." Cụm từ "relate to" có nghĩa là gì?

"May relate to their surroundings, and to people, as adeptly as we do." Từ "adeptly" có nghĩa là gì?

"Should we feel guilty about exploiting sophisticated robots?" Từ "guilty" có nghĩa là gì?

"Should we fret if they are underemployed, frustrated, or bored?" Từ "fret" có nghĩa là gì?

"Should we fret if they are underemployed, frustrated, or bored?" Từ "underemployed" có nghĩa là gì?

"Machines can already navigate, remember and search for items with an ability that far outstrips humans." Từ "navigate" có nghĩa là gì?

"However, there is no machine that can identify visual objects or speech with the reliability and flexibility of humans." Cụm từ "visual objects" có nghĩa là gì?

"Expecting a machine close to the creative intelligence of a human within the next 50 years would be highly ambitious." Cụm từ "highly ambitious" có nghĩa là gì?

"Richardson believes that our fear of machines becoming too advanced has more to do with human nature than anything intrinsic to the machines themselves." Từ "intrinsic" có nghĩa là gì?

"In her view, it stems from humans' tendency to personify inanimate objects." Từ "stems" có nghĩa là gì?

"It stems from humans' tendency to personify inanimate objects." Cụm từ "personify inanimate objects" có nghĩa là gì?

"We create machines based on representations of ourselves." Từ "representations" có nghĩa là gì?

"And therefore see them as an autonomous threat." Cụm từ "autonomous threat" có nghĩa là gì?

"This led on to the third question, 'Should we be scared by advances in artificial intelligence?'" Từ "advances" có nghĩa là gì?

"And another worry is that we are increasingly dependent on computer networks, and that these could behave like a single 'brain' with a mind of its own, and with goals that may be contrary to human welfare." Cụm từ "contrary to" có nghĩa là gì?

"With goals that may be contrary to human welfare." Cụm từ "human welfare" có nghĩa là gì?

"I think we should ensure that robots remain as no more than 'idiot savants' lacking the capacity to outwit us." Cụm từ "idiot savants" có nghĩa là gì?

"Lacking the capacity to outwit us, even though they may greatly surpass us." Từ "outwit" có nghĩa là gì?

"Even though they may greatly surpass us in the ability to calculate and process information." Từ "surpass" có nghĩa là gì?

"Wolpert's response was to say that we have already seen the damaging effects of artificial intelligence." Từ "response" có nghĩa là gì?

"But in this case, the real intelligence is the malicious designer." Cụm từ "malicious designer" có nghĩa là gì?

"Critically, the benefits of computers outweigh the damage that computer viruses cause." Từ "Critically" có nghĩa là gì?

"Similarly, while there may be misuses of robotics in the near future." Từ "misuses" có nghĩa là gì?

"The benefits that they will bring are likely to outweigh these negative aspects." Cụm từ "negative aspects" có nghĩa là gì?

"We need to ask why fears of artificial intelligence and robots persist." Từ "persist" có nghĩa là gì?

"None have in fact risen up and challenged human supremacy." Cụm từ "challenged human supremacy" có nghĩa là gì?

"In answer to the fourth question, 'What can science fiction tell us about robotics?'" Cụm từ "science fiction" có nghĩa là gì?

"What can science fiction tell us about robotics?" Từ "robotics" có nghĩa là gì?

"I sometimes advise students that it's better to read first-rate science fiction than second-rate science." Cụm từ "first-rate" có nghĩa là gì?

"It's better to read first-rate science fiction than second-rate science more stimulating." Từ "stimulating" có nghĩa là gì?

"Science fiction has often been remarkable at predicting the future." Từ "remarkable" có nghĩa là gì?

"Science fiction has painted a vivid spectrum of possible futures." Cụm từ "a vivid spectrum" có nghĩa là gì?

"From cute and helpful robots to dystopian robotic societies." Từ "dystopian" có nghĩa là gì?

"Almost no science fiction envisages a future without robots." Từ "envisages" có nghĩa là gì?

"Finally, on the question of science fiction, Richardson pointed out that in modern society, people tend to think there is reality on the one hand, and fiction and fantasy on the other." Từ "fantasy" có nghĩa là gì?

"She then explained that the division did not always exist, and that scientists and technologists made this separation." Từ "separation" có nghĩa là gì?

"Because they wanted to carve out the sphere of their work." Cụm từ "carve out" có nghĩa là gì?

"Because they wanted to carve out the sphere of their work." Từ "sphere" có nghĩa là gì?

"But the divide is not so clear cut, and that is why the worlds seem to collide at times." Từ "collide" có nghĩa là gì?