They are formed by reflections of the periosteal layer of the dura mater.

The falx cerebri is a vertical dural fold between the two cerebral hemispheres.

The tentorium cerebelli extends between the occipital lobes and the cerebellum.

The falx cerebelli separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

The diaphragma sellae forms a roof over the pituitary gland.

They are deep grey matter structures.

The head of caudate nucleus lies lateral to the third ventricle.

The tail of caudate nucleus is continuous inferiorly with the putamen.

The lentiform nucleus includes the putamen and the globus pallidus.

The globus pallidus externus is located lateral to the putamen.

The direct pathway decreases the thalamic output to the cortex.

The indirect pathway promotes motor activity.

The substantia nigra modulates the basal ganglia by exciting the direct pathway and inhibiting the indirect pathway

Huntington disease is a hyperkinetic disorder resulting from degeneration of striatal neurons.

Parkinson’s disease is caused by loss of dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra.

It is located between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem.

It includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and substantia nigra.

The thalamus is the largest component of diencephalon.

The hypothalamus contains the pineal gland.

The epithalamus is the most dorsal part of the diencephalon.

It is a paired, egg-shaped mass of white matter.

It forms the wall of the lateral ventricle.

The anterior tubercle marks the anterior end of the thalamus.

It is connected to the opposite side by the interthalamic adhesion.

The internal medullary lamina covers the lateral surface of the thalamus.

The internal medullary lamina divides the thalamus into anterior, medial, and lateral nuclear groups.

The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei relay motor signals from the basal ganglia to the motor cortex.

The ventral posterolateral (VPL) nuclei relay facial and gustatory sensory input to the primary somatosensory cortex.

The lateral geniculate body sends auditory signal transmission to the primary auditory cortex.

The intralaminar nuclei is located within the internal medullary laminar.

The cerebral peduncles contain descending motor tracts.

The interpeduncular fossa is an anterior midline depression that is perforated by blood vessels.

The inferior colliculi are part of the visual reflex pathway.

The trochlear nerve (CN IV) emerges just below the inferior colliculus.

The oculomotor nerve (CN III) emerges from the lateral surface of the midbrain.

The basilar sulcus lodges the basilar artery.

The trigeminal nerve (CN V) emerges at the pontomedullary junction.

The abducent, facial and vestibulo-cochlear nerves (CN VI, VII, and VIII) emerge at the cerebellopontine angle.

Its dorsal surface forms the upper two-thirds of the floor of the fourth ventricle.

A lesion at the facial colliculus level can impair both facial and abducens nerve functions.

The pyramids contain descending corticopontine fibers.

The olives are produced by the underlying inferior olivary nuclei.

The gracile and cuneate tubercles are found on the ventral surface of the medulla.

The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) emerges between the pyramid and olive.

The superior part of the dorsal medulla forms part of the floor of the fourth ventricle.