External factors like culture, parenting, education, and experiences that shape development are known as _________.

A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive response through repeated pairings is called _________.

A famous experiment where a dog learned to salivate to a bell after it was repeatedly paired with food is known as _________.

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response (e.g., food) is called _________.

A natural, automatic reaction to the UCS (e.g., salivation) is called _________.

A previously neutral stimulus that now triggers a response after conditioning (e.g., bell) is called _________.

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus (e.g., salivating to the bell) is called _________.

The initial learning phase where the CS is paired with the UCS is called _________.

The diminishing of a CR when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS is called _________.

The reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause is called _________.

When stimuli similar to the CS elicit the CR, this is called _________

The ability to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli is called _________.

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences is called _________.

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning: ________'s theory that behavior is shaped by reinforcement or punishment.

Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior (e.g., giving ________ for doing homework).

Negative Reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior (e.g., removing a ________ when grades improve).

Positive Punishment: Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., adding ________ homework).

Negative Punishment: Taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior (e.g., taking away ________ privileges).

Reinforcement Schedule: Rules that determine how often a behavior is reinforced (e.g., fixed-ratio, ________-ratio).

Shaping: Gradually reinforcing behaviors that lead to a desired ________ behavior.

Observational Learning: Learning by ________ and imitating others.

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory: A theory stating that people learn by watching others and modeling their behavior, especially if the model is ________.

Modeling: Imitating the behavior of a ________ model.

Imitation: Copying specific ________ seen in others.

Development of Language: The process by which infants acquire the ability to understand and produce ________.

Stages of Language Development: Typical sequence: cooing ➔ babbling ➔ one-word stage ➔ two-word stage ➔ ________ speech.

Critical Periods for Language Acquisition: Limited windows during early life when language acquisition occurs most ________.

Fill in the blank: The theory (e.g., Noam Chomsky) that humans are biologically equipped to learn language is called the _________

Fill in the blank: The theory that language is learned through reinforcement and imitation (e.g., B.F. Skinner) is called the _________

Fill in the blank: Communication without words, including gestures, facial expressions, posture, and tone, is called _________.

Fill in the blank: The use of words and language to convey messages is called _________.

which term? A theory that describes how children's thinking evolves in four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

which term? Piaget’s first stage (birth–2 yrs) where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions.

which term? Piaget’s second stage (2–7 yrs) where children begin to use language and symbols but lack logical reasoning.

what term? Piaget’s third stage (7–11 yrs) marked by logical thinking about concrete events and understanding conservation.

what term? Piaget’s final stage (12+ yrs) where abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking emerge.

what term? A theory proposing eight stages of social development across the lifespan, each with a central conflict (e.g., identity vs. role confusion in adolescence).

what term? A theory proposing three levels of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

what term? The process of growth and development within the womb, including the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages

what term? The developmental period following infancy, involving cognitive, social, and emotional growth.

what term? A transitional period from childhood to adulthood marked by puberty and identity development.

what term? The stage of life following adolescence, involving continued development in personal, career, and social domains

what term? If caregivers provide reliability and care, infants develop trust; if not, they may grow fearful and mistrusting of the world.

what term? Children develop independence and confidence when allowed to explore; if overly restricted or criticized, they may feel shame and doubt their abilities.

what term + age? Children begin to assert control and take initiative in play and activities; if discouraged or punished, they may feel guilty for trying to be independent.

what term + age? Success in school and social activities leads to a sense of competence; repeated failure or lack of encouragement can lead to feelings of inferiority.

what term + age? Teens explore different roles and form a stable identity; if they struggle, they may feel confused about who they are and their future.

what term + the age? Forming meaningful, close relationships creates a sense of intimacy; failure to connect can lead to loneliness and isolation.

what term + age range? Adults seek to contribute to the world through work or family; without this, they may feel unproductive or stuck.

__ vs __ (##-##)? Reflecting on a meaningful life leads to integrity and satisfaction; regret and disappointment can result in despair.

what term? A theory combining both biological and social factors in language development.