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222 decision making

Total questions: 121

Worksheet time: 1hrs 3mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

If the premises of a deductive argument are true and the reasoning is valid, then:

a)

The conclusion is probably true

b)

The conclusion must be true

c)

The conclusion may or may not be true

d)

New information is always added

2.

“All HELP Uni students graduate. Sarah is a HELP Uni student. Therefore, Sarah will graduate.” This is an example of:

a)

Inductive reasoning

b)

Analogy-based reasoning

c)

Deductive reasoning

d)

Hypothesis testing

3.

What distinguishes propositional reasoning from syllogistic reasoning?

a)

Only propositional reasoning uses quantifiers

b)

Syllogistic reasoning is always inductive

c)

Propositional reasoning focuses on connectives like "if-then"

d)

Propositional reasoning never deals with truth values

4.

Which of the following conclusions is INVALID under propositional logic? Premise: If Amy studies, then she will pass. Premise: Amy passed. Conclusion: Therefore, Amy studied.

a)

Valid

b)

Invalid

c)

Unknown

d)

Logically sound

5.

In logic, "p ∧ q" is false when:

a)

Both p and q are true

b)

Either p or q is false

c)

p is false, but q is true

d)

Both B and C

6.

Which is the correct truth table result for p → q when p is false and q is false?

a)

True

b)

False

c)

Undefined

d)

Cannot be determined

7.

Which term best defines the logical validity of a syllogism?

a)

Whether the conclusion is factual

b)

Whether the premises are realistic

c)

Whether the conclusion logically follows from the premises

d)

Whether it uses “if-then” statements

8.

Syllogistic reasoning requires that:

a)

Premises must be believable

b)

Premises must be emotionally impactful

c)

Premises must be assumed true regardless of real-world facts

d)

Premises must use "if...then..." logic

9.

What is the main flaw in the syllogism: All birds are animals. All animals have four legs. Therefore, all birds have four legs.

a)

It's inductive, not deductive

b)

Premises are false

c)

Conclusion doesn't follow logically

d)

Belief bias invalidates the premises

10.

Belief bias is:

a)

A failure in hypothesis testing

b)

A type of analogical error

c)

Tendency to accept conclusions we agree with, regardless of logic

d)

A result of using the availability heuristic

11.

Which of the following statements about deductive reasoning is FALSE?

a)

It guarantees truth if rules are followed

b)

It always introduces new information

c)

It begins with general premises

d)

It includes syllogisms and propositional logic

12.

Which syllogism is logically valid?

a)

All cats are animals. All animals bark. Therefore, all cats bark.

b)

All bachelors are men. Some men are tall. Therefore, some bachelors are tall.

c)

All birds have wings. All eagles are birds. Therefore, all eagles have wings.

d)

Some dogs bark. All barking creatures are scary. Therefore, all dogs are scary.

13.

If p → q, which of the following is a valid inference?

a)

p is true, q is false → Valid

b)

p is false, q is true → Valid

c)

p is true, q is true → Invalid

d)

p is false, q is false → Invalid

14.

Which error occurs when we wrongly assume that “If p → q” and “q is true,” then “p must be true”?

a)

Affirming the consequent

b)

Denying the antecedent

c)

Confirmation bias

d)

Counterfactual thinking

15.

The conclusion "Some A are C" based on the premises "All A are B" and "Some B are C" is:

a)

Always valid

b)

Never valid

c)

Sometimes valid

d)

Invalid due to missing quantifier logic

16.

The term for deductive validity is:

a)

Accuracy

b)

Logic strength

c)

Necessary truth

d)

Probability logic

17.

What role do quantifiers play in syllogisms?

a)

They determine emotional impact

b)

They clarify truth tables

c)

They define logical structure of premises

d)

They provide analogical strength

18.

Which of the following best explains why people accept invalid syllogisms?

a)

Working memory overload

b)

Low motivation

c)

Believable conclusion bias

d)

Simulation failure

19.

Inductive reasoning differs from deductive reasoning in that it:

a)

Moves from general to specific

b)

Always produces true conclusions

c)

Involves probable rather than certain conclusions

d)

Doesn’t use premises

20.

"Every dog I've met has barked. Therefore, all dogs bark." This is an example of:

a)

Deductive syllogism

b)

Analogical reasoning

c)

Inductive generalization

d)

Hypothesis testing

21.

Which of the following is NOT a type of inductive reasoning?

a)

Analogical reasoning

b)

Hypothesis testing

c)

Propositional reasoning

d)

Generalization

22.

Analogical reasoning relies heavily on:

a)

Belief bias

b)

Hypothesis testing

c)

Deep knowledge of multiple domains

d)

Memory heuristics

23.

Which of these analogies depends most on a strong mental model?

a)

A is to B as C is to D

b)

Life is like a box of chocolates

c)

Ducks are birds, and geese are too

d)

Humans like pizza, and cats like fish

24.

What cognitive structure helps with interpreting analogies?

a)

Algorithms

b)

Truth tables

c)

Mental models

d)

Heuristic systems

25.

In hypothesis testing, which is always the goal of scientific reasoning?

a)

Prove the hypothesis

b)

Disprove the hypothesis

c)

Collect supportive anecdotes

d)

Find confirmation bias

26.

The null hypothesis is best described as:

a)

The predicted result

b)

A rule we attempt to confirm

c)

The rule we attempt to disprove

d)

The metaphor used in analogical reasoning

27.

Confirmation bias in hypothesis testing can lead to:

a)

Improved accuracy

b)

Increased objectivity

c)

Selective search for supportive data

d)

A stronger null hypothesis

28.

Inductive strength refers to:

a)

Certainty of outcome

b)

Logical structure of premises

c)

Likelihood that a conclusion is true

d)

Number of hypotheses tested

29.

In analogical reasoning, which of the following most improves accuracy?

a)

Ignoring dissimilarities

b)

Shallow similarities

c)

Structural and relational similarity

d)

Personal beliefs

30.

Which reasoning example best shows confirmation bias?

a)

Testing both supporting and contradicting cases

b)

Selecting only data that matches your initial guess

c)

Using a mental model for simulation

d)

Generating multiple hypotheses

31.

What’s the key difference between inductive reasoning and hypothesis testing?

a)

One is deductive

b)

One requires probabilistic tools

c)

Hypothesis testing is structured, while induction is informal

d)

Induction guarantees truth

32.

“This restaurant has been empty every time I passed. It’s probably not good.” This is an example of:

a)

Deductive inference

b)

Counterfactual simulation

c)

Inductive reasoning

d)

Anchoring

33.

Which reasoning process involves simulating possible outcomes based on past experience?

a)

Deductive syllogism

b)

Analogical reasoning

c)

Simulation heuristic

d)

Representativeness heuristic

34.

Which is a common flaw in inductive reasoning?

a)

Denying antecedents

b)

Assuming necessary truth

c)

Ignoring disconfirming evidence

d)

All of the above

35.

Analogical reasoning is especially strong when:

a)

Situations are superficially similar

b)

Personal experience confirms the analogy

c)

Deep structural similarities exist

d)

Inductive reasoning is impossible

36.

What is the formula for Expected Utility (EU)?

a)

EU = risk × value

b)

EU = utility × outcome magnitude

c)

EU = utility × probability

d)

EU = preference – cost

37.

According to EU theory, a rational decision-maker:

a)

Selects the most probable outcome

b)

Ignores the cost if the outcome is good

c)

Maximizes subjective value multiplied by probability

d)

Uses emotion to simulate outcomes

38.

MAUT is superior to simple EU when:

a)

There is only one attribute per option

b)

Emotional factors dominate

c)

Decisions involve multiple attributes

d)

No probability estimates are available

39.

In MAUT, the "utility weight" represents:

a)

Objective score

b)

Magnitude of benefit

c)

Importance of the attribute

d)

Estimated probability

40.

What does MAUT help avoid in decision-making?

a)

Emotions

b)

Intuition

c)

Oversimplification of multi-factor decisions

d)

Simulation errors

41.

A student is choosing between universities using MAUT. She lists tuition, location, faculty, and nightlife. What does she do n

4 lines
42.

A student is choosing between universities using MAUT. She lists tuition, location, faculty, and nightlife. What does she do next?

a)

Assign each attribute a probability

b)

Rank attributes by personal importance and rate each school

c)

Choose the school with best reputation

d)

Eliminate the worst option first

43.

The biggest criticism of normative models like EU and MAUT is that:

a)

They ignore logic

b)

They require unrealistic cognitive effort

c)

They account for too many variables

d)

They can only be used with software

44.

Which example demonstrates an irrational deviation from EU theory?

a)

Choosing lower EU because of fear of loss

b)

Assigning probabilities to each outcome

c)

Calculating outcome magnitude

d)

Weighing expected outcomes

45.

Which of the following represents a MAUT calculation?

a)

Choose the most probable option

b)

Pick the one with the most extreme utility

c)

Multiply weights and magnitudes, then sum across attributes

d)

Compare emotional impact of losses

46.

Which would NOT influence subjective utility in EU theory?

a)

Risk aversion

b)

Probability weighting

c)

Mood

d)

Number of alternatives

47.

According to normative theory, good decisions are defined by:

a)

Being the most popular

b)

Having high emotional payoff

c)

Maximizing calculated utility

d)

Matching past successful choices

48.

In MAUT, if a high-utility attribute has low magnitude, its overall contribution will be:

a)

High

b)

Low

c)

Unaffected

d)

Dependent on probability

49.

When is using MAUT not appropriate?

a)

When multiple criteria exist

b)

When utility weights are unclear or unavailable

c)

When outcomes are uncertain

d)

When comparing universities

50.

MAUT improves decision quality by:

a)

Avoiding any trade-offs

b)

Prioritizing probability

c)

Quantifying and combining multiple considerations

d)

Simulating emotional reactions

51.

MAUT and EU are both based on which assumption?

a)

Emotions distort decision-making

b)

Humans act irrationally

c)

Decisions should be logically and mathematically optimal

d)

Experience is more reliable than calculation

52.

What is a practical limitation of Expected Utility Theory?

a)

Doesn’t handle large groups

b)

Overestimates memory recall

c)

Requires perfect knowledge of utilities and probabilities

d)

Applies only to gamblers

53.

You decide between two jobs using MAUT. Salary is 9/10 in importance, environment 7/10. Job A scores 10 on salary, 2 on environment. Job B scores 7 and 8 respectively. Which should you choose?

a)

Job A

b)

Job B

c)

Both equal

d)

Depends on emotions

54.

Which model best fits the description “ideal decision under perfect information”?

a)

Heuristic model

b)

Normative model

c)

Descriptive model

d)

Simulation model

55.

Compared to descriptive models, normative models are:

a)

More emotionally reactive

b)

Less dependent on logic

c)

More prescriptive and optimal

d)

More time-efficient

56.

Which real-life scenario best demonstrates the limitations of normative decision models?

a)

Choosing which pen to buy

b)

Emergency evacuation from a fire

c)

Calculating taxes using Excel

d)

Choosing between equally priced items

57.

Descriptive decision models focus on:

a)

How people should make decisions

b)

How people actually make decisions

c)

Logically valid conclusions

d)

Simulated outcomes only

58.

Which of the following is not a stage in the decision-making process?

a)

Cue reception

b)

Hypothesis generation

c)

Heuristic distortion

d)

Action selection

59.

What typically initiates hypothesis generation in decision-making?

a)

Final decisions

b)

Random guesses

c)

Cues perceived from the environment

d)

Action outcomes

60.

In the decision-making stage “cue reception,” a person is primarily:

a)

Choosing between options

b)

Gathering and integrating perceptual information

c)

Assigning utility values

d)

Comparing hypotheses

61.

A doctor tentatively selects a diagnosis based on symptoms, but waits for test results before finalizing it. This best reflects:

a)

Hypothesis generation

b)

Hypothesis evaluation

c)

Action selection

d)

Cue integration

62.

Action generation involves:

a)

Perceiving new cues

b)

Testing mental models

c)

Retrieving potential responses from long-term memory

d)

Simulating emotions

63.

Which factor most likely affects retrieval of relevant knowledge from long-term memory?

a)

Working memory capacity

b)

Base rate fallacy

c)

Expertise and experience

d)

Availability heuristic

64.

Descriptive models differ from normative models in that descriptive models:

a)

Require utility calculations

b)

Include all attributes

c)

Explain suboptimal or biased decisions

d)

Focus on economic value

65.

Which example reflects descriptive decision-making?

a)

Using a decision matrix

b)

Flipping a coin

c)

Choosing a cheaper item due to habit

d)

Calculating expected utility

66.

A student ignores a scholarship application because the process seems too long. This reflects:

a)

Normative optimization

b)

Cue integration error

c)

Heuristic efficiency

d)

Performance limitation

67.

Time pressure affects decision-making by:

a)

Improving accuracy

b)

Encouraging detailed analysis

c)

Forcing reliance on heuristics

d)

Eliminating the need for cue integration

68.

What is the primary reason people use simplifying heuristics according to descriptive models?

a)

Heuristics are always rational

b)

Time, memory, and resource limitations

c)

Perfect information is always available

d)

Emotions are absent in real decisions

69.

Which stage of decision-making most clearly requires working memory to evaluate multiple competing ideas?

a)

Cue reception

b)

Hypothesis generation

c)

Action selection

d)

Hypothesis evaluation

70.

An emergency situation with limited time and high stress will most likely cause decision-makers to:

a)

Use expected utility theory

b)

Apply MAUT

c)

Default to System 1 (intuitive) thinking

d)

Recalculate action probabilities

71.

The major difference between normative and descriptive approaches is:

a)

Normative models ignore logic

b)

Descriptive models require MAUT

c)

Normative = “should,” Descriptive = “do”

d)

Descriptive models guarantee optimality

72.

Heuristics are best described as:

a)

Emotion-based strategies

b)

Random guesses

c)

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb

d)

Long-form mathematical equations

73.

The availability heuristic leads people to judge events as more likely if:

a)

They are supported by statistics

b)

They can be easily recalled from memory

c)

They are unfamiliar

d)

They involve high emotional cost

74.

Which scenario best illustrates the availability heuristic?

a)

Buying a lottery ticket after watching someone win

b)

Calculating the exact odds of an outcome

c)

Using cost-benefit analysis to compare products

d)

Searching reviews for the best option

75.

Simulation heuristic is distinct from availability heuristic in that it:

a)

Is based on logic

b)

Involves mental construction of possible outcomes

c)

Uses long-term memory

d)

Ignores emotional reactions

76.

A student thinks, “If I had studied last weekend, I would’ve done better.” This is:

a)

Representativeness heuristic

b)

Counterfactual thinking

c)

Anchoring

d)

Framing effect

77.

The representativeness heuristic can cause base rate neglect when:

a)

We simulate possible regrets

b)

We ignore statistical frequency in favor of stereotypes

c)

We lack information on probabilities

d)

The task is emotionally charged

78.

In the classic “Jack the engineer” experiment, people ignored:

a)

Jack’s emotional profile

b)

Probability distribution (base rates)

c)

Outcome consequences

d)

Utility calculations

79.

Representativeness heuristic may cause misjudgment because:

a)

People rely only on memory

b)

People match patterns to prior knowledge, ignoring actual probabilities

c)

People overvalue future gains

d)

It focuses too much on magnitude

80.

"Fast and frugal heuristics" are considered:

a)

Inefficient and biased

b)

Suboptimal compared to MAUT

c)

Adaptive and often successful

d)

Only used by novices

81.

According to Gigerenzer, heuristics are effective because:

a)

They reduce emotional intensity

b)

They require base rate calculations

c)

They exploit reliable environmental cues quickly

d)

They eliminate subjectivity

82.

The recognition heuristic states:

a)

Choose what’s most familiar if you lack deeper knowledge

b)

Ignore unrecognizable options

c)

Trust your instincts over all else

d)

Seek complete information

83.

Experts often use recognition-primed decision-making because:

a)

They simulate every possible outcome

b)

Their cue-pattern associations are automated

c)

They eliminate uncertainty

d)

They use MAUT faster

84.

“Satisficing” means:

a)

Searching for the perfect choice

b)

Avoiding any decision

c)

Settling for the first acceptable option

d)

Minimizing regret

85.

Which of the following heuristics is least likely to involve deep comparison of options?

a)

Multi-attribute utility

b)

Recognition heuristic

c)

Simulation heuristic

d)

Representativeness heuristic

86.

A person who says, “This place has okay reviews — it'll do,” is likely using:

a)

Counterfactual reasoning

b)

Satisficing

c)

Simulation

d)

Anchoring

87.

Which statement is true about heuristics?

a)

They are irrational

b)

They always lead to errors

c)

They can be efficient and effective

d)

They require full data

88.

Simulation heuristic is most likely to be used when:

a)

You are comparing many attributes

b)

You need to make an emotional choice

c)

You are predicting consequences of actions

d)

You know the base rate

89.

Representativeness heuristic can lead to:

a)

Accurate logical deductions

b)

Improved emotional awareness

c)

Ignoring prior probability

d)

Stronger simulation

90.

Which of the following best explains why heuristics are so widely used?

a)

They always give accurate answers

b)

They are part of formal reasoning models

c)

They are fast, resource-efficient, and good enough

d)

They are emotionally satisfying

91.

Who is most likely to rely on recognition heuristics?

a)

Expert mathematician

b)

Person with no prior exposure to the topic

c)

Someone comparing probabilities

d)

Person calculating expected utility

92.

Illusory correlation refers to:

a)

Judging randomness by frequency

b)

Believing there's a relationship between unrelated variables

c)

Believing in base rates

d)

Simulating alternative outcomes

93.

What best explains why people believe “every time I wear my lucky socks, we win”?

a)

Anchoring

b)

Simulation heuristic

c)

Illusory correlation

d)

Framing effect

94.

Anchoring bias involves:

a)

Rejecting extreme options

b)

Overreliance on an initial reference point

c)

Underestimating future impact

d)

Emotional bias in utility

95.

Which of the following best shows anchoring?

a)

Estimating a population based on the first number you're shown

b)

Avoiding decisions due to uncertainty

c)

Remembering only recent experiences

d)

Generalizing based on stereotypes

96.

Framing effect causes preference shifts due to:

a)

Different numbers of options

b)

Way options are worded

c)

Base rate errors

d)

Incomplete hypothesis evaluation

97.

People are more likely to choose a surgery if told “98% survival rate” than if told “2% mortality rate.” This illustrates:

a)

Satisficing

b)

Anchoring

c)

Framing

d)

Confirmation bias

98.

The sunk cost fallacy is best described as:

a)

Investing more in a failing situation because of past investment

b)

Anchoring to previous outcomes

c)

Avoiding better options to reduce guilt

d)

Choosing emotionally satisfying results

99.

A person keeps reading a boring book just because they’ve already read half of it. This is an example of:

a)

Framing

b)

Confirmation bias

c)

Sunk cost effect

d)

Simulation heuristic

100.

Which illusion is based on post-hoc memory distortion?

a)

Anchoring

b)

Hindsight bias

c)

Availability heuristic

d)

Framing

101.

"I knew this would happen!" is a classic sign of:

a)

Simulation heuristic

b)

Confirmation bias

c)

Hindsight bias

d)

Representativeness

102.

Confirmation bias involves:

a)

Ignoring plausible hypotheses

b)

Searching only for evidence that supports a belief

c)

Simulating unlikely outcomes

d)

Framing options negatively

103.

Overconfidence occurs when:

a)

People assume the worst outcome

b)

People underestimate task difficulty

c)

People's confidence exceeds their actual accuracy

d)

People simulate too many possibilities

104.

Which of the following reduces the influence of cognitive illusions?

a)

Stress

b)

More options

c)

Awareness of bias

d)

Increased emotional salience

105.

You believe a person is lazy based solely on them being late once. This could be due to:

a)

Representativeness heuristic

b)

Simulation error

c)

Fundamental attribution error / correspondence bias

d)

Overconfidence

106.

Which of the following most accurately links an illusion to a heuristic?

a)

Illusory correlation → availability

b)

Sunk cost → MAUT

c)

Framing → hypothesis testing

d)

Overconfidence → anchoring

107.

Loss aversion means:

a)

People avoid gains

b)

Losses feel worse than gains feel good

c)

People never take risks

d)

Losses are rationalized away

108.

According to research, how does experiencing a loss compare to imagining one?

a)

Experience feels worse

b)

Forecasters predict lower distress

c)

People overestimate the emotional impact of imagined losses

d)

They are identical

109.

Loss aversion is most closely linked with:

a)

Simulation heuristic

b)

Hindsight bias

c)

Anchoring

d)

Expected utility

110.

Someone refuses to leave a toxic relationship because of years already spent in it. This reflects:

a)

Loss aversion

b)

Framing

c)

Satisficing

d)

Simulation

111.

Emotional reactions are most likely to interfere with decision-making when:

a)

Time is abundant

b)

Choices are abstract

c)

Outcomes involve personal consequences

d)

All information is objective

112.

What effect does high neuroticism have on sunk cost decisions?

a)

Decreases bias

b)

Increases willingness to abandon sunk costs

c)

Increases susceptibility to remain invested

d)

Has no effect

113.

High anxiety increases:

a)

Rationality

b)

Emotional detachment

c)

Loss aversion

d)

Cue integration

114.

People are more likely to avoid action that could cause harm, even if inaction is riskier. This is called:

a)

Loss aversion

b)

Decision fatigue

c)

Omission bias

d)

Representativeness

115.

In Ritov & Baron’s study, why did parents avoid vaccinating their child, even when vaccine risk was lower?

a)

Framing bias

b)

Omission bias: they feared being responsible for harm caused by action

c)

Confirmation bias

d)

Illusory correlation

116.

What bias explains the tendency to feel more regret over actions than inactions?

a)

Sunk cost effect

b)

Anchoring

c)

Omission bias

d)

Availability heuristic

117.

Emotional regulation may improve decision-making by:

a)

Amplifying loss aversion

b)

Encouraging fast and frugal heuristics

c)

Reducing influence of biases

d)

Ignoring past experience

118.

Which of these is most likely to be influenced by an emotional forecast?

a)

Utility weighting

b)

Simulation heuristic

c)

Cue perception

d)

Syllogistic logic

119.

Emotional reasoning may conflict with normative logic when:

a)

Probabilities are well-known

b)

Losses are expected

c)

Choices are emotionally charged

d)

Outcomes are trivial

120.

What impact does anticipating regret have on decisions?

a)

Encourages more accurate outcomes

b)

Encourages inaction and conservative choices

c)

Decreases utility calculations

d)

Increases hypothesis testing

121.

In emotional decision contexts, what might override rational choice models?

a)

Logical consistency

b)

Belief bias

c)

Anticipated feelings

d)

Base rate data