Between 1000 and 1300, over a period of only about 300 years, the population of Europe almost (a)   .

(a)   was an association of towns in, what is today northern Germany, that banded together to protect their trading interests. It is used its shipping fleets to clear the northern seas of pirates and boost trade in furs, timber, and fish.

Most towns [after 1000 A.D.] were filthy, smelly, noisey, and crowded---a perfect breeding ground for (a)   . Even a rich town had no garbage collection or sewer system, so residents simply flung their wastes into the streets.

The use of money (coins) undermined (a)   . By 1300 C.E., most peasants in Western Europe were either tenant farmers, who paid rent for their land, or hired farm laborers.

In medieval towns, the middle class gained economic and political power. First, merchants and artisans formed associations called (a)   . These associations dominated town life, passing laws and levying taxes.

Guilds also provided ____ ____. They operated the schools and hospitals, looked after the needs of their members, and provided support for the widows and orphans of their members.

(a)  

At age seven or eight, a medieval child may become an (a)   , or trainee, to a guild master. The child would then spend about seven years learning the master's trade. These trainees received food and shelter from their masters, but were not paid wages.

Thousands of Europeans took part in the (a)   , a series of wars in which Christians battled Muslims for control of land in the Middle East, starting in 1050 AD. (Capitalize the first letter of your answer)

At the Council of Clermont in 1095, ____ ____ incited bishops and nobles to action, stating "From Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople comes a grievous report, "...."An accursed race....has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them through pillage and fire."

(a)  

Only the ____ _____ came close to achieving its goals. After a bloody campaign, Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099 and kill the Muslim and Jewish residents. (Capitalize the first letters of the answer words)

(a)  

During the Fourth Crusade, the crusaders were diverted from fighting Muslims to fighting other Christians. After helping merchants from Venice defeat their trade rivals in 1204, crusaders captured and looted (a)   .

In 700s, Christian kingdoms located in the northern part of the Iberian peninsula began a campaign known as the (a)   , intended to drive the Muslims from Spain

The marriage of Ferdinand of the kingdom of Aragon and Isabella of the kingdom Castile unified state of (a)   in 1469. Using their combined forces, Ferdinand and Isabella conquered Muslim Granada in 1492.

Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived in relative peace on the Iberian Peninsula while under Muslim rule. That tolerance ended under Queen Isabella's rule. Isabela, with the support of the Church, implemented the (a)   , which involved requiring Muslims and Jews to accept baptism as Christians or else go into exile.