The process by which a cultural group or individual is pushed to the fringe of society, excluded from the mainstream, and systematically denied the opportunity to participate fully in cultural life.

A method of integrating diverse cultural groups into the mainstream society.

A strategy for promoting cultural diversity and inclusion in society.

The phenomenon where cultural groups dominate and suppress minority cultures.

The process by which non-Chinese societies adopt Western customs and values.

The process by which non-Chinese societies come under the influence of Chinese culture, particularly language, customs, political systems, and Confucian values.

The process of integrating various ethnic groups into a single national identity.

The process of modernizing Chinese technology and industry.

A conflict between China and Japan from 1937 to 1945, sparked by Japan's expansionist ambitions in Asia and marked by brutal fighting and atrocities.

A peaceful negotiation between China and Japan to resolve territorial disputes in 1937.

A minor skirmish between China and Japan that lasted only a few months in 1937.

A trade agreement between China and Japan established in 1945.

The revolutionary leader of Vietnam who led the Vietnamese Communist movement and became the head of North Vietnam.

A famous Vietnamese artist known for his paintings of rural life.

The first president of South Vietnam who opposed communism.

A Vietnamese general who fought against French colonial rule.

A philosophy that emphasizes rational thought and scientific inquiry.

A religion that originally comes from South Asia, and teaches that personal spiritual improvement will lead to escape from human suffering.

A belief system that focuses on the worship of multiple deities and rituals.

A cultural movement that promotes artistic expression and creativity.

A type of voluntary community service

Unpaid, forced labour that colonial or feudal authorities required peasants or workers to perform—often on roads, buildings, or state projects.

A tax levied on agricultural produce

A form of military conscription

The use of violence against military targets to achieve political goals.

The use or threat of serious violence aimed at civilians or governments to intimidate or force a political, ideological, or religious agenda.

A peaceful protest against government policies.

The act of negotiating with terrorists to reach a peaceful resolution.

Fought in Indochina between France and the Việt Minh from 19 December 1946 until 21 July 1954.

A conflict between the United States and Vietnam from 1955 to 1975.

A war between Japan and China during World War II.

A civil war in Vietnam from 1954 to 1975.

A political theory advocating for individual ownership of production.

A social, political, and economic theory founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that interprets history through class struggle and advocates for a revolution to create a classless society where the means of production are collectively owned.

A philosophy that promotes the idea of a free market economy without government intervention.

A theory that emphasizes the importance of cultural identity over economic factors.

The act of spreading information, ideas, or knowledge widely—sharing or distributing it broadly.

The process of collecting data for analysis.

The method of storing information securely.

The practice of summarizing information for quick reference.

A situation where there is a lack of leadership in a government or organisation, often because an existing leader has left or been lost.

A scenario where multiple leaders compete for control in an organization.

A condition where a government has too many leaders and no clear direction.

A temporary absence of leadership due to a planned transition.

A sudden, violent, and unlawful seizure of power from a government; a coup.

A peaceful transition of power through elections.

A legal process of government reform.

A diplomatic negotiation between countries.

A system of government or organization run by officials and administrators following rules and procedures, often with many levels and offices.

A form of government where power is held by a single ruler or a small group of elites.

An informal system of governance based on personal relationships and networks.

A type of government that emphasizes direct participation of citizens in decision-making.

A Chinese Communist revolutionary and founder of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.

A prominent leader of the Nationalist Party in China.

An influential philosopher known for his theories on capitalism.

A military general who led the Qing Dynasty's last stand.

A Chinese moral and philosophical system based on the teachings of Confucius, focused on respect, hierarchy, duty, education, and family values.

A religion that emphasizes the worship of multiple gods and rituals.

A political ideology that promotes the overthrow of traditional values and systems.

A philosophical approach that advocates for individualism and personal freedom.

The right of a people or nation to decide their own political status and govern themselves without external interference.

The ability of a government to impose laws without consent from the people.

The process by which a country is divided into smaller regions for better governance.

The right of individuals to choose their own career paths without restrictions.

A group of artists and musicians

Intellectuals or highly educated people as a group.

A type of government system

A social class of farmers

A Vietnamese nationalist born in 1867 who founded early revolutionary groups and wrote for independence.

A French colonial administrator who promoted education in Vietnam.

A Chinese philosopher who influenced Vietnamese culture in the 19th century.

A Japanese military leader who fought against French colonialism.

Ruled China from 206 BCE to 220 CE and is considered a golden age of Chinese civilization.

Ruled China from 300 BCE to 200 CE and is known for its military conquests.

Ruled China from 100 CE to 400 CE and is famous for the invention of paper.

Ruled China from 500 BCE to 100 CE and is recognized for its trade routes.