The salt concentration of blood is ​ (a)   ​ to ​ (b)   .

When blood is oxygen rich it appears ​ ​ (a)   , but when blood is oxygen depleted it appears ​ (b)   .

Hematopoietic stem cells can become ​ (a)   that give rise to megakaryoblasts, proerythroblasts, myeloblasts, and monoblasts. They can also become ​ (b)   that give rise to lymphoblasts.

Erythropoietin is produced by the ​ (a)   .

In the process of erythropoiesis, a ​ (a)   specializes into a ​ (b)   . This cell specializes into a ​ (c)   that then loses its nucleus and enters the bloodstream to mature into a ​ (d)   .

In the process of leukopoiesis, a ​ (a)   is stimulated by CSFs to produce ​ (b)   . These cells can specialize into ​ (c)   ​, (d)   ​, and (e)   .

In the process of leukopoiesis, a ​ (a)   is stimulated by CSFs to produce ​ (b)   . These cells can specialize into ​​ (c)   .

In the process of leukopoiesis, a ​ (a)   differentiates into a ​ (b)   . This cell can become a ​ (c)   or a small lymphocyte that differentiates into either a ​ (d)   or a ​ (e)   .

Thrombopoietin initiates differentiation of ​ (a)  
into ​ (b)   ​ that mature into ​ (c)   . These cells then pinch off packets of cell membrane that enter the bloodstream and are now called ​ (d)   .

Each molecule of hemoglobin can carry ​ (a)   oxygen molecules. A single RBC can contain ​ (b)   hemoglobin molecules, so it can carry over 1 billion oxygen molecules.

When erythrocytes are old or damaged the majority are phagocytized, but a few will undergo (a)   (rupture of RBCs).

The general condition describing a decrease of RBCs or hemoglobin is (a)   .

When white blood cells squeeze through capillary walls and enter the surrounding tissues it is known as (a)   .

(a)   posses granules that contain chemicals to support cellular function; whereas, ​ (b)   have very small granules.

Categorize the options into the right categories

Vitamin _ is needed to synthesize clotting factors.

(a)  

In the final common pathway, ​ (a)   converts ​ (b)   to ​ (c)   . Then fibrinogen is converted into insoluble ​ (d)   , and the clot is stabilized by ​ (e)  

​ (a)   is when contractile proteins in platelets pull edges of a clot together and promote healing.

​ (a)   is when fibrin gets dissolved by plasmin (clot buster).

Proteins of the surface of a red blood cell that determine blood type are known as ​ (a)   , and ​ (b)   are in the plasma to identify antigens that do not belong.

If ​ (a)   antigens are present on RBC surface then you have A blood type.

If ​​ (a)   antigens are present on RBC surface then you have B blood type.

If ​​​no antigens are present on RBC surface then you have ​ (a)   blood type.

Type ​ (a)   is considered the universal donor, and ​ (b)   is the universal receipient.

The first exposure to D antigens leads to (a)   .

​ (a)   are the two upper RECEIVING chambers of the heart, and the ​ (b)   are the two lower PUMPING chambers.

Walls that divide the heart into chambers are known as

(a)  

The heart valves prevent inversion (​ (a)   ) of atrioventricular valvesduring ventricular contraction, which prevents backflow of blood (​ (b)   ) into atria.

During ventricular relaxation, AV valves ​ (a)   and SL valves are ​ (b)   .

During ventricular contraction, AV valves are ​ (a)   and SL valves are ​ (b)   .

What is one of the grooves where coronary vessels are situated?

(a)  

Intercalated discs are specialized junctions that connect cells and coordinate synchronized contractions known as (a)   .

The ability of the heart to depolarize spontaneously at a fixed rate to pace heart contractions is known as (a)   .

The heart is made up of mainly ​ (a)   the conduct impulses and perform contractions, but there are also a small percentage of ​ (b)   that form the conduction system that starts action potential.

The conduction system begins with the ​ (a)   (pacemaker) which has the highest rate of depolarization and set the normal eletrical pattern. Then travels to the ​ (b)   and the ​ (c)   to distribute impulses across atria as they travel towards ventricles.

The ___________ ___________ assures that the atria will contract at the same time.

(a)  

Next, the wave of depolarization travels to the ​ (a)   where it is delayed to allow for atrial contraction. Then, it travels to the ​ (b)   where it runs along interventricular septum. Next, ​ (c)   where it conducts impulse out to ventricles, and lastly ​ (d)   distribute impulse to ventricular myocardium and trigger ventricular contraction.

The period of contraction when blood is pumped is known as ​ (a)   , and the period of relaxation when the chambers fill with blood is known as ​ (b)   .

Between heartbeats, the heart is briefly at rest; ​ (a)   blood flow to the heart; blood is ​ (b)   flowing into right and left ​ (c)   . ​ (d)   are open and blood flows into ventricles, but both ​ (e)   are closed.

Ventricular systole has two phases. ​It begins with ​ (a)   which occurs when the pressure in the ventricles closes AV valves but does not open the semilunar valves. Next, ​ (b)   is when the pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in arteries, so blood is ejected into pulmonary trunk and aorta (semilunar valves open).

Ventricular diastole has two phases. The early phase is when semilunar valves close as interventriuclar pressure drops and AV valves remain closed (ALL valves closed). This allows blood to flow into atria, but not into the ventricles and is known as ​ (a)   . ​ (b)   is when all the chambers are relaxed, so AV valves open and blood passively flows into ventricles.

(a)   is the amount of blood pumped into systemic circulation by the left ventricle in one minute.

Cardiac output depends on heart rate and stroke volume. ​ (a)   is established by the cardiac conduction system and measured in bpm. ​ (b)   is the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle in a single contraction.

(a)   is the difference between max CO and resting CO.

​ (a)   typically carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the ​ (b)   . ​ (c)   carry deoxygenated blood to ​ (d)   to return to the heart. Arterioles and venules meet at ​ (e)   to allow for perfusion.

The ​ (a)   takes oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood to the heart. The ​ (b)   takes oxygen ​ (c)   blood to the tissues and oxygen ​ (d)   blood to the heart.

Arteries lumen is ​ (a)   , ​ (b)   . Veins lumen is ​ (c)   , ​ (d)   .

Organize these options into the right categories

Arteries transport blood ​ (a)   from the heart that is typically ​ (b)   . They have thick tunica ​ (c)   compared with tunica externa; lack ​ (d)   ; may have more elastic tissue.

Blood flow into and out of capillary beds is known as (a)   .

(a)   open and close to regulate blood flow to tissues.

The ​ (a)   transports blood ​ (b)   the heart that is typically ​ (c)   .

​ (a)   drain capillary beds into veins. They have thin tunica media and tunica externa. ​ (b)   are large with irregular lumens that are easily distensible. They have thin walls and low-pressure vessels.

(a)   (tissue perfussion) is the volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation.

(a)   is the amount of force per unit area exerted on the wall of a vessel by the blood witin it. Measured in mmHg.

​ (a)   is the peak pressure as blood is ejected from the heart during ventricular contraction. ​ (b)   is the minimum pressure at the end of ventricular relaxation.

(a)   is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

(a)   represents the average force driving blood into vessels.

(a)   is the measure of friction between blood and vessel wall.

The longer the blood vessel the ​ (a)   the resistance which ​ (b)   BP.

The ​ (a)   the diameter, the ​ (b)   the resistance is.

The ​ (a)   the viscosity the harder it is for molecules to slide past one another and makes the fluid more difficult to keep moving.

Blood velocity varies ​ (a)   with the total cross-sectional area of blood vessels. As the cross-sectional area ​ (b)   the blood flow will ​ (c)   .

​ (a)   is the movement of materials OUT of the bloodstream; whereas, ​ (b)   is the movement of materials ​into the bloodstream.

​ (a)   is the push OUT of the bloodstream generated by fluids in a vessel, and ​ (b)   is the suction INTO the bloodstream generated by immovable plasma proteins.

The (a)   system picks up excess fluid and proteins in the interstital space and returns it to the vascular system.

Organize these options into the right categories

​ (a)   is when blood pressure is high, and ​ (b)   is when blood pressure is low.