what is 'selection bias' in epidemiological research?

in one class there are 10 male and 20 female get dengue fever. what is the ratio of female to get dengue fever?

which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease

can you always tell if someone has covid-19

when the participants in behavioral studies change their behavior or performance in response to being observed

_ is a non-causal association between an exposure and outcome due to the influence of a third variable

which of the following are goals of vaccination?

john snow's investigation of cholera is considered a model for epidemiologic field investigation because it included a:

the occurrence of new disease or mortality within a defined period of observation in a specific population is

obtaining information about exposures that occurred in the future is considered

in january, there were 50 cases of malaria diagnosed in district x, which has a population of 200,000. of these, 30 were in males and 20 were in females. what is the proportion if the cases were in females?

the implementation of health education programs is an example of:

reducing the impact of disease/complication

there may be a spurious association between diseases or between a characterized disease because of the different probabilities of admission to a hospital for those with the disease, without the disease and with the characteristic of interest

Residence of three villages with three different types of water supply were asked to participate in a survey to identify cholera carriers. Because several cholera deaths had occurred recently, virtually everyone present at the time underwent examination. The proportion of residents in each village who were carriers was computed and compared. What is the proper classification for this study?

Those who agree to be in a study may be in some way different from those who refuse to participate (......)

Tertiary prevention is intended to reduce the duration and severity of disease.

All of the following are important criteria when making causal inferences except

in a case-control study of the relationship between a cholesterol lowering drug and the risk of developing breast cancer, control subjects are sampled from participants in health screening fair. this is the type of error?

reliability can be defined as:

Mammography screening (screening for breast cancer) for women age more than 40 years old

What is the primary purpose of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in epidemiology?

A large population is surveyed to determine the prevalence of this newly recognized disease by age, gender, and ethnicity

The Most Expensive of Prevention

This stage of prevention is intended to reduce complications and disabilities.

In a small pilot study, 12 women with endometrial cancer (cancer of the uterus.....) women with no apparent disease were contacted and asked whetherthey nau ever usen estrogen. Each woman with cancer was matched by age, race, weight, and parity to a woman without disease. What kind of study design is this?

The proportion of people with the disease whose father has the disease is compared with control the corresponding proportion for people without the disease

An association between two variables can be:

In 1796, Edward Jenner gave smallpox vaccine for kids to prevent the smallpox

This criterion specifies that one must observe the cause before the effect:

To assess the association between Kawasaki syndrome (KS) and carpet shampoо, investigators conducted a case-control study with 100 cases (children with KS) and 100 controls (children without KS). Among the children with KS, 50 had a history of recent exposure to carpet shampoo. Among the controls, the number with a recent history of exposure to carpet shampoo was 25. For this study, the odds ratio was:

The indicator for measures of the strength of an association.

What is the primary goal of epidemiology?

Which of the following is NOT an analytic study design?

Race and socioeconomic status are examples of:

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a prospective cohort study?

What is the main goal of primary prevention?

An investigator assigns a specific exposure (a new formulation of a common medication) to some participants but assigns a different exposure (the original formulation of the medication) to others. During the study period, the investigator follows both groups to determine whether the new formulation works better and/or has fewer side effects. What type of study design is this?

A Single Exposure should cause a single disease

Researchers investigated the relationship between the use of statins and p mortality by examining the records of patients who died from prostate cancer as well as records of matched controls. They report an odds ratio of 1.49 (95% confidence interval, 1.34-1.70 (P Value<0.0001). What can you conclude from these results?

Race and socioeconomic status are examples of:

The relative risk and the odds ratio are important measures of the strength of an association

Aim of Descriptive Epidemiology:

A case-control study is characterized by al of the following except:

Which of the following is an example of a type of descriptive epidemiologic study?

Now, covid-19 has become:

A study in which children are randomly assigned to receive either a newly formulated vaccine or the currently available vaccine, and are followed to monitor for side effects and effectiveness of each vaccine, is an example of which type of study?

The measure of association used in a case-control study is:

Analytic epidemiology is a tool that epidemiologists use to do which of the following?

Interventions for reducing disability

A study in which children are randomly assigned to receive either a newly formulated vaccine or the currently available vaccine, and are followed to monitor for side effects and effectiveness of each vaccine, is an example of which type of study?

Which term refers to the ability of a measuring instrument to give consistent resuits on repeated trials?

Prevalence refers to:

Steps in practicing EBM, which ones are the first 3 things to do?

Association does not conflict with current knowledge of natural history and biology of disease

Which of the following is not an advantage of a prospective cohort study?

Which of the following is NOT a common measure of association in epidemiologic studies?

The Causal Factor must precede the disease in time

This Design will have potential for recall bias:

Cross-Over is one of the methods for

This classifies the occurrence of disease according to the variables of person, place, and time:

In one class there are 10 male and 20 female get dengue fever. What is the risk/proportion of male to get dengue fever?

Blinding is one of the process selection of subject for design study:

In a cohort study of hormone replacement therapy and the risk of developing... atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, high economic status is associated with both use of hormone replacement therapy and the risk of developing coronary artery disease. This is the type of Error?

An advertisement in a medical journal stated that: "2,000 subjects with sore throats were treated with our new medicine. Within 4 days, 94% were asymptomatic." The advertisement claims that the medicine was effective. Based on the evidence given above, the claim:

Identify people in whom a disease HAS ALREADY BEGUN but who have no Clinical signs and Symptoms of the Illness

In January, there were 50 cases of malaria diagnosed in District X, which has a population of 200,000. Of these, 30 were in males and 20 were in females. What is the ratio of male cases to female cases?

The physical examination records ofthe entire incoming freshman class of 1935 at the University of Minnesota were examined in 1977 to see if their recorded height and weight at the time of admission to the university was related to the development of coronary heart disease by 1986. This is an example of:

Selection bias cause by?

How is Covid19 passed on?

An investigator wants to know about the health effects of a particular exposure.... recruits a group of people who work in a location where the exposure is present, ana recruits a separate group of people who work in a location where the exposure is not present. The investigator follows both of the groups for several years to assess whether one group experiences more diagnosed health problems than the other group. What type of study design is this?

Which one is the best and cheapest but have best way for prevention of disease:

Which of the following terms refers to a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals?

Persons who have increasingly higher exposure levels have increasingly higher risk of disease

Analytic epidemiology answers which questions about the occurrence of a health problem?

The measure of association used in a cohort study is:

_ results from differences between the study subjects in a sample and the popuratioT which they are selected to represent.

Loss to follow up is weakness of

Which of the following best describes the role of secondary prevention in

A study in which children are randomly assigned to receive either a newly formulated vaccine or the currently available vaccine, and are followed to monitor for side effects and effectiveness of each vaccine, is an example of which type of study?

An investigator seeks out cases of a particular disease that she wishes to study. She then recruits people who do not have this disease from the same population. For each study participant, she researches past exposures to compare the exposures of those who have the disease to the exposures of those who do not have the disease. What type of study design is this?

The relative risk is the incidence in the exposed divided by the incidence in the nonexposed.

the black death was thought to be an epidemic of:

patient ask the doctor "how long do i have to live, doctor?" and the doctor replies, "six mponth to a year" the doctor are saying?

Validity can be defined as:

British investigators conducted a study to compare measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine history among 1,294 children with pervasive development disorder (e.g., autism and Asperger's syndrome) and 4,469 children without such disorders. (They found no association.) This is an example of which type(s) of study?

What effect (if any) would you expect if the interviewers were aware of the... of the study subjects?

What is the significance of a 95% confidence interval in epidemiology?

The major purpose of random assignment in a clinical trial is to:

A term that refers to any quantity that varies:

Using the mask for healthy people, when they go out is:

The Highest Risk for Covid transmission:

What is Evidence based medicine?

What is the primary focus of secondary prevention in healthcare?

a 12 month old girl coming to your clinic with pallor. his mother worry that she has thalassemia. from the history of feeding she is a very picky eater. she seldom eats red meat nor liver. you suspect anemia due to iron deficiency. the clinic only can perform complete blood count. which one of the following is the correct outcome for this situation

the type of association in which an increase in the value of one variable is linked with a decrease in the value of another variable

in epidemiology, what is the bradford hill criteria used for?

The Primary Goal of Public health (primary prevention) is to:

About 400 patients take a diagnostic test. There are:

180 True Positives

8 False Positives

190 True Negatives

22 False Negatives

What is the sensitivity and specificity of this test?