Inflammation characterized by the presence of large amount of pus:

Inflammation characterized by extensive outpouring of a watery, low-protein fluid from blood:

It is usually observed in skeletal muscles, heart, kidneys, endocrine organs and smooth muscles of hollow viscera due to increased workload and endocrine stimulation (e.g. during exercise and pregnancy)

It is due to edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation (e.g. in cirrhosis and chronic hypertrophic salphingitis or appendicitis):

Increase in size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of cells resulting from growth of new cells:

Marked regressive change in adult cells towards more primitive or embryonic cell types:

Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control:

Reversible change involving the transformation of one cell type to another:

organs or tissues appear LARGER THAN NORMAL

Increased tissue size due to increased cell size.

Increased tissue size due to increased cell number.

Refers to an increase in size of tissues or organs due to increase in size. NO NEW CELLS

Refers to an acquired decrease in the size of a normally tissue or organ. REDUCTION IN CELL SIZE

Tissues have abnormalities

Incomplete/defective development of a tissue/organ

This is most commonly seen in one paired structures like kidneys, gonads, and adrenals

Represented only by a mass of fatty or fibrous tissue

This has NO resemblance to the adult structure

Example is amastia

Complete non-appearance of an organ

Failure to form an opening

Failure of an organ to reach its full, mature size

Natural

This type of atrophy happens due to decreased work load

Thymus, brain, sex organs

Due to denervation of muscle; diminished blood supply

Refers to a decrease in size of an organ, usually as a consequence of disease

Lipofuscin

Due to lack of nutrition accumulated and reduced blood supply to an organ or tissue becomes reduced below critical level

This basically happens as a result of reduced blood supply

Persistent pressure of the tissue may directly injure the cells or may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply

Basically happens as a result of persistent pressure

Due to excessive narrowing supply may lead to wasting tissues

Happens basically as a result of inactivity or diminished function

inactivity or diminished function of a tissue or organ may lead go narrowing of blood vessels, with loss of nutrition atrophy occur

Prolonged overwork, especially of an endocrine organ may produce enlargement with ultimate slow progressive loss of parenchymal cells

prolonged overwork

diminished or absent endocrine stimulation

diminished or absent endocrine stimulation may produce functional atrophy

Which of the following types of hypertrophy is usually seen in skeletal muscle, heart, kidneys, endocrine glands due to increased workload?

Which of the following types of hypertrophy is usually seen due to edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation?

Which of the following types of hypertrophy involves one of paired organs when the opposite organ has been removed?

Decrease in size of uterus

Systemic hypertension

Phenytoin-induced

Glandular proliferation of the female breast, increase in size of uterus (pregnancy)

Resulting from normal stimuli, hormonal such as hyperplasia of breast and uterus during pregnancy

Stimulation of growth factors, excess hormonal stimulation, viral infection, nodular.

Skin warts due to HPV

Ex. Enlargement of one kidney

Ex. Endometrial hyperplasia

Reversible

Reversible change involving transformation in one type of adult cell to another

Ex. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium → stratified squamous epithelium (chronic smoker)

It is the regressive alteration in adults cells manifested by variation in size, shape, and orientation. usually reversible as well and do not lead to tumor formation

One type of adult cell ↔ Changes in structural components

Also known as atypical hyperplasia

Example is thickening of the cervical epithelia

Undifferentiated cell

This is IRREVERSIBLE and deemed as a criterion toward malignancy

Adult cell > More primitive cells (release tumor markers)

Usually used as a criterion toward malignancy; irreversible ulet-ulet, more primitive cells

Continuous abnormal proliferation of the cells without control; no purpose or function

Field of expertise ng mga oncologists

Example is leukemia

study of cancer

greek word which means ''new''

Which of the following parts of the tumor involve active elements (tumor cells)?

Which of the following parts of the tumor involve connective tissue framework?

Do not produce death

Tumor is localized and doesn’t metastasize

“-oma”

Are those that DO NOT produce death. Again, tumor is localized and doesn't metastasize

Produce death eventually

Invasive and destroys adjacent areas

Will produce death eventually, however small they may be and wherever they may be located. Invasive and destroys adjacent areas.

Malignant neoplasms are collectively referre to as cancers. ; sarcoma

Sarcoma originates from

Carcinoma originates from

Tumor implants continuous with the primary tumour

Most reliable feature of malignancy

Cancer cells penetrate into blood vessels, lymphatic's and basal cavities providing opportunity to spread

All neoplasms metastasize EXCEPT; glial cells and basal cell carcinoma

Neoplasm penetrates into a natural field; most often in the peritoneal cavity

Most common pathway for carcinomas (epithelial)

Most common pathway for sarcomas (connective tissue)

cells (parenchyma) > supporting tissues (stroma)

supporting tissues (stroma) > cells (parenchyma)

Fibroma

Lipoma

Chondoma

Osteoma

Hemangioma

Leiomyoma

Rhabdomyoma

Fibrosarcoma

Liposarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Osteogenic sacrcoma

Hemangiosarcoma

Leukemia

Lymphoma

Leiomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

benign in hematopoietic cells

benign in lymphoid tissues

malignancy in hematopoietic cells

Benign: Squamous cell papilloma; malignant squamous cell carcinoma

Benign: Adenoma; Malignant: Adenocarcinoma

Benign: Renal tubular adenoma ; Malignant: Renal cell carcinoma

Benign: Liver cell adenoma; malignant: hepatocarcinoma

Benign: Nevus/Mole; Malignant: Melanoma (melanocarcinoma)

Malignant: Seminoma

Benign tumor originating in stratified squamous

Malignant tumor originating in stratified squamous

Malignant tumor originating in Glands and ducts

Benign tumor originating in Glands and ducts

Benign tumor originating in renal epithelium

Malignant tumor originating in renal epithelium

Neuroectoderm benign tumor

Neuroectoderm malignant tumor

Testicular epithelium malignant tumor

Testicular epithelium benign tumor