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Worksheets0225D-S2 AP-II Final Review
Total questions: 55
Worksheet time: 28mins
What are the defining characteristics of a trigger point?
Compression causes muscle twitch, no distinct nodule, always in a taut band
Palpable and gritty nodule, muscle twitches with compression, creates radiating pain
Pressure creates shooting pain, decreases muscle tension, a warm sensation in the tissue
Located in a taut band, palpable nodule, compression creates a radiating pattern of pain
The term used to describe the balance of tension and compression forces in the musculoskeletal system?
Length-force relationship
Thixotropy
Viscoelasticity
Tensegrity
Tension of the intrafusal fibers in a muscle spindle is regulated by which reflex loop
beta
delta
alpha
gamma
Which of Myers' myofascial chains connects the plantar fascia of the foot to the fascia on the forehead?
Spiral line
Lateral line
Superficial back line
Superficial front line
The connective tissue links between muscles, bones, and fascial membranes that provide a pathway for the mechanical communication of tension and compression is the definition for:
myofascial train
acupuncture meridian
kinetic chain
none of the above
What physiologic reflex is being employed to reduce muscle tension in the active release and facilitated stretch forms of manual therapy?
Stretch reflex via Muscle Spindles
Inverse stretch reflex via Golgi Tendon Organs
Withdrawal reflex
Crossed-extensor reflex
Which of the four types of fascial sensory receptors are particularly sensitive to lateral stretch, and stimulation leads to decreased sympathetic tone?
Meissner's corpuscles
Interstitial myofascial receptors
Ruffini corpuscles
Intrafascial smooth muscle cells
Since 40% to 45% of the neurons in a typical skeletal muscle nerve are sensory, and 80% of these are the interstitial myofascial receptors, it means that the majority of sensory information provided by muscle and fascia is directed to:
regulation of muscle tone via the cerebellum
Primary somatosensory gyrus of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum
Autonomic nervous system
Primary somatomotor gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
What connective element of skeletal muscle is described as the tenoperiosteal junction?
The broad sheet of tissue that surrounds the muscle as a whole
The fibrous connective tissue between the periosteum and tendon
The point where epi-, peri-, and endomysium blend into a single fibrous cord
The transitional tissue zone between the muscle and tendon
Which of the following is the most accurate description of a motor unit?
1 motor neuron + multiple sarcomeres
1 sensory neuron + 1 motor neuron
1 motor neuron + multiple muscle fibers
multiple motor neurons + multiple muscle fibers
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
forms the blood-brain barrier, serves as the plasma for all the blood vessels in the meninges, insulates the brain and spinal cord
shock absorption, nutrition, physical barrier between pathogens in blood and the CNS organs
chemical defense between the blood and brain, excrete waste, temperature regulation
none of the above
Pacinian and Ruffini corpuscles as well as the hair root plexus of skin are examples of what type of cutaneous receptor?
tactile receptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
none of the above
Which of these connective tissue components of skeletal muscle is classified as organized fibrous?
Perimysium
Epimysium
Tendon
Endomysium
Which of these accessory organs has primary functions of protective and sensory organs?
hair
sudoriferous gland
nails
sebaceous gland
What layer of skin contains melanocytes?
dermis
hypodermis
subcutaneous fibrous
epidermis
What is the definition of threshold stimulus?
The minimal amount of stimulus required to generate a contraction
The level of stimulus required for muscle recruitment
The maximum amount of stimulus a muscle can tolerate
none of the above
The anatomical and functional links between the nervous and endocrine systems are between which two organs/glands?
pituitary and hypothalamus
pineal and pituitary
hypothalamus and thalamus
anterior and posterior pituitary
This symptom is common to most forms of anxiety disorders?
vacillating back and forth between fear and arousal reactions to the environment
illogical fears with sympathetic nervous system responses
worry about money, food, or global climate change
attempts to control the environment through ritualistic movements and actions
This type of spina bifida is the most rare. It involves a delicate cyst that protrudes from the spinal cord that contains only meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. What is it?
spina bifida occulta
spina bifida myelomeningocele
spina bifida meningocele
none of the above
What is the name of the physiologic theory that explains the relationship between muscle length and the force generated by its contraction?
length-force theory
positional release
force generation ratio
length-strength ratio
What type of neuron is the second neuron in a three-neuron reflex arc?
Sensory
Interneuron
Motor
none of the above
Which type of neuron is found only in the central nervous system?
Motor
Sensory
Interneurons
none of the above
What kind of stimulus are nociceptors sensitive to?
temperature
pressure
mechanical tissue damage
sound waves
The myofilament bonding of a muscle contraction can only occur in the presence of what element?
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
Oxygen
The alarm response refers to what part of the body's stress response?
ANS stimulation of the fight-or-flight response
Parasympathetic division of the ANS returning the body to homeostasis
The changes in endocrine system functions caused by long-term exposure to stress
The long-term shifts in endocrine function initiated by the hypothalamus as we age
What endocrine gland secretes the tropic hormones?
Kidney
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Adrenal cortex
Which of the pancreatic islet cells produce insulin?
Alpha
Gamma
Beta
Delta
When a person has a spinal cord injury, he or she is likely to have:
Some motor and sensory paralysis everywhere below the level of the injury
Sensory paralysis only below the level of the injury
Motor paralysis only below the level of the injury
Motor and sensory paralysis at the level of the injury, but not below or above it
Which of the following is correct association of the specific type of Hyperthyroidism with its symptom?
Multinodular goiter: iodine deficiency
Graves disease: exophthalmoses
Adenoma of thyroid: difficulty swallowing
Thyroiditis: multiple inflamed nodules
When threshold stimulus is applied to a motor unit, what happens?
A) A minimal numbers of fibers in the unit contract strongly.
B) All of the fibers in the unit partially contract.
C) All fibers in the unit contract fully.
D) Some of the fibers in the unit contract fully.
Which microscopic fiber in muscle is formed by the end-to-end arrangement of sarcomeres?
myoskeleton
myofibers
myofibrils
myofilaments
The relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland is an example of which method of stimulus for hormone secretions?
Chemical stimulus
Neurologic stimulus
Changes in blood concentration
Tropic hormone action
Hormone secretions from which gland are responsible for the regulation of our circadian rhythm?
Adenohypophysis
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Pineal
Which of these structures is a primary component of the central nervous system?
spinal nerves
sympathetic ganglia
spinal cord
cranial nerves
The T-12 spinal segment is positioned between which vertebrae?
C) C-1 and C-7
B) T-11 and T-13
C) T-1 and L-5
D) T-12 and L-1
Among the interstitial mechanoreceptors, what is the ratio of High Threshold Pressure units (HTP) to Low Threshold Pressure units (LTP)?
40/60
50/50
70/30
none of the above
The name of the primary glucocorticoid is ________, which is secreted by the ________.
glucagon; adrenal medulla
epinephrine; adrenal medulla
cortisol; adrenal cortex
aldosterone; adrenal medulla
What effect does parathyroid hormone have on the kidneys?
Stimulates the production of calcitriol
Inhibits the resorption of calcium
Increases excretion of sodium
none of the above
What is the function of ependymal cells in the Central Nervous System?
produce myelin sheaths
transmit impulses between sensor and motor neurons
produce Cerebrospinal fluid
carry out phagocytosis in the brain
Which of the cutaneous receptors is the most numerous and widespread?
Free nerve endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Merkels discs
Hair root plexus
A skeletal muscle fiber (muscle cell/myocyte) is made up of smaller components called:
fascicles
myoskeleton
myofibers
myofibrils
What is the name of the highly sensitive area on the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction between the muscle and the motor neuron?
Motor unit
Motor endplate
Motor point
none of the above
The nerve damage associated with Diabetes Mellitus is a form of:
Palsy
Peripheral neuropathy
Neuromuscular degeneration
Compressive neuropathy
What fascial layer forms the outer envelope of the muscle and "anchors" it to the hypodermis?
perimysium
epimysium
neuromysium
endomysium
What structure controls most of the endocrine system function
The thymus gland
The hypothalamus
The pituitary gland
The thyroid gland
The peripheral nervous system has ______ pairs to cranial nerves and ______ pairs of spinal nerves.
7; 12
12; 31
12; 33
12; 5
What are the three mechanical properties of fascia:
Viscoelasticity, thixotropy, piezoelectricity
Viscoelasticity, recoil, compression
Thixotropy, autonomy, elasticity
Piezoelectricity, elasticity, autonomy
What is the anatomical name for a skeletal muscle cell?
myofiber
myofibrils
sarcomere
none of the above
What characteristic do all 31 pair of spinal nerves share?
All use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
The all pass through a paravertebral ganglion.
They are all mixed nerves.
Each is a two-neuron pathway.
The stress response in the pituitary gland that is stimulated by the hypothalamus to release GH, TSH, and ACTH to help the body continue its fight against stressors is called the:
Exhaustion
Resistance Reaction
Alarm Response
none of the above
What happens to the neuron when threshold stimulus is applied?
Polarization
Repolarization
Depolarization
None of the above
What is the cause of most spinal cord injuries in the United States?
Gunshot wound
Motor vehicle accidents
Herniated discs
Tumors
What cellular component is considered the "second messenger" in the target cell in response to hormone binding?
IMP
RNA
ADP
cAMP
Which mechanical property of fascia gives it the ability to extend and slowly rebound?
Piezoelectricity
Viscoelasticity
Thixotropy
none of the above
The perimysium is a layer of fascia that surrounds a group of muscle fibers, dividing the muscle into several compartments called:
myofibrils
fascicles
sarcomeres
myofilaments
