Using money as a simple ........provides a simple and convenient way to compare the values of various items.

As global transactions involve myriad of currencies, it is essential to set up ........ for each currency.

Without money, all transactions would have to be conducted by ........ (hệ thống trao đổi hàng đổi hàng), which involves direct exchange of one good or service for another.

Money is more ........ than most other stores of value because as a medium of exchange, it is readily accepted everywhere.

The standard ........ for international trade and investment is the US dollar.

Any money declared by a government is ........(đồng tiền pháp định).

The ........of a country consists of currency (banknotes and coins) and bank money (the balance held in checking accounts and savings account).

When debts are denominated in money, the real value of debts may change due to inflation and .........

........is a term that is used predominantly in reference to the hard plastic cards we use every day in place of actual banknotes.

Monetary policy is enacted by a central bank to sustain a level economy and keep unemployment low, protect the ........ of the currency, and maintain economic growth.

Both monetary and fiscal tools were coordinated efforts in a series of government and Federal Reserve programs ........ in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Fed also serves the role of lender of last resort, providing banks with liquidity and .......scrutiny to prevent them from failing and creating financial panic in the economy.

Expansionary monetary policy stimulates a ........economy and contractionary monetary policy slows down an inflationary economy.

In deciding how best to ........monetary policy over time, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) takes into account a wide range of information.

Reserve requirements are the amount of funds that a bank holds in reserve to ensure that it is able to meet liabilities in case of sudden........

Reserve requirements are currently set at .......as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

If a bank doesn't have enough cash to meet the reserve requirement, it borrows from other banks or from the Fed's..........

By increasing the reserve requirement, the Federal Reserve is essentially taking money out of the money supply and increasing the cost of........

Rates cannot get too high because more expensive........ could lead the economy into a period of slow growth or even contraction.

The more .........you are, the more likely you will be approved for better interest rates, which can save you significant money.

Discount rate is usually a percentage point above the fed funds rate. That's because the Fed wants to discourage.........borrowing.

In most countries the discount rate is used as a signal, in that a change in the discount rate will typically be ............by a similar change in the interest rates charged by commercial banks.

The minimum percentage of deposits that a depository institution must hold and cannot use for lending is known as the........

Federal Reserve policy tools include all of the following EXCEPT

When a central bank performs an open market operation, such as buying bonds, they pay for those bonds by ............money into a bank's reserves.

To ..........economic downturns, the Fed can use its monetary policy tools to lower the federal funds rate. Monetary policy is then said to become more “expansionary”

The mandate of the SNB is to ensure price stability, while taking .......account of economic developments.

The Fed keeps a close eye on reserve requirements, or the amount of cash banks must have on hand at any time to comply with banking........

A high fiscal deficit leads to unnecessary expenditure done by the government that leads to potential .........pressure on the economy.