Which type of EDTA tube is centrifuged within 6 hours after collection?

Which type of EDTA tube contain spray-coated K2 EDTA (plastic)?

Which type of EDTA tube is used for whole blood hematology?

Which type of EDTA tube is designed with special crossmatch label for patient information?

Which type of EDTA tube contain either clot activator (plastic serum) or K2EDTA (plastic)?

Which type of EDTA tube is used for trace element, toxicology, and nutritional chemistry determinations?

Which type of EDTA tube has K2EDTA (plastic)?

Which type of EDTA tube is used for lead determinations (contains <0.01 ug/mL or ppm of lead)?

Which type of EDTA tube contain K2EDTA with gel?

Buffered Sodium Citrate GLASS

Buffered Sodium Citrate pLASTIC

Which anticoagulant is used for platelet studies, and coagulation determinations?

Which anticoagulant is the remedy for Platelet Satellitism?

Which anticoagulant is used for plasma determinations in chemistry, osmotic fragility test, blood gas studies?

Which anticoagulant causes cellular clumping (especially of platelets), leading to pseudoleukocytosis and pseudothrombocytopenia on some analyzers?

Which anticoagulant inhibits thrombin (therefore, it is contraindicated for coagulation studies)?

Which anticoagulant is used for blood culture specimen collections in microbiology?

Which anticoagulant is used on blood bank tests, HLA tests, DNA tests, and paternity tests?

Which antiglycotlytic agent is used on glucose level determination (for delayed testing of blood glucose levels)?

Potassium oxalate or Sodium EDTA (Na2EDTA) is the anticoagulant in this tube.

If a blood film is not stained within 2 hours, heparin gives what background color with Wright's stain?

Which of the following causes the least interference in chemistry testing?

Which anticoagulant is Light-sensitive?

Which anticoagulant is has normally slightly yellowish appearance that becomes clear when no longer viable?

Which clot activator or serum-yielding tubes has glass (silicone-coated), plastic (silicone-coated with clot activator) additive?

Which clot activator or serum-yielding tube is used for serum determinations in chemistry?

Which clot activator or serum-yielding tube is used for routine blood donor screening and diagnostic of serum for infectious disease?

Which clot activator or serum-yielding tube has a blod clotting time of 60 minutes or 1 hour?

Which clot activator or serum-yielding tube contain clot activator and gel additive?

Which clot activator or serum-yielding tube has 30 minutes blood clotting time?

Which clot activator or serum-yielding tube contain thrombin-based clot activator?

Which clot activator or serum-yielding tube is used on STAT serum determinations in chemistry?

Which clot activator or serum-yielding tube has a blood clotting time of 5 minutes?

Tourniquet application

Anchor the vein with the thumb....

Cleansing of venipuncture site is done in a

Remove the tourniquet as soon as blood flow is established or after no longer than

If tourniquet is left on for a longer time because of difficulty in finding a vein, it should be removed for how many minutes and reapplied before the venipuncture is performed?

The most common skin antiseptic.

Collecting blood for legal blood alcohol level

Used for preparing sterile sites for blood culture.

What is the technique of choice to obtain blood from newborns and pediatric patients? It may also be used on adult patients who are severely burned and whose veins are being reserved for therapeutic purposes, patients who are extremely obese, and in elderly patients with fragile veins.

What is the skin puncture site for children older than 1 and adults?

What is the skin puncture site for infants under 1 year of age?

Heel puncture must not be deeper than how many mm beneath the plantar heel-skin surface of the heel?

Osteomyelitis can be prevented by penetrating the skin no deeper than..?

introduced the stochastic model of hematopoiesis (states that HSCs randomly commit to self-renewal or diUerentiation).

suggests that the microenvironment in the bone marrow determines whether the HSC will self-renew or diUerentiate.

states that HSCs randomly commit to self-renewal or diUerentiation

States that all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell called a “pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell”.

Suggests that each blood cell lineage is derived from its own unique stem cell.

What is the most widely accepted theory among experimental hematologists?

Which hematopoietic development phase include yolk sac as the site of hematopoiesis?

Which hematopoietic development phase include liver as the site of hematopoiesis?

Which hematopoietic development phase include bone marrow as the site of hematopoiesis?

Which hematopoietic development phase begins at around the 19th day of embryonic development?

Which hematopoietic development phase begins at 5 to 7 gestational weeks (1st month)?

Which hematopoietic development phase begins between the fourth and fifth month of fetal development?

Which hematopoietic development phase involve yolk sac erythroblasts; and production of hemoglobin Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland needed for delivering oxygen to rapidly developing embryonic tissues?

Which hematopoietic development phase is characterized by recognizable clusters of developing erythroblasts, granulocytes, and monocytes colonizing the fetal liver, thymus, spleen, placenta, and bone marrow?

Which hematopoietic development phase begins megakaryocytes production?

Which hematopoietic development phase involve Hemoglobin F (Fetal hemoglobin) as the predominant hemoglobin?

Which hematopoietic development phase becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis by the end of 24 weeks of gestation?

Which hematopoietic development phase involve messenchymal cells that differentiate into structural elements that support developing hematopoietic elements like stromal cells and reticular adventitial cells?

Which hematopoietic development phase has the myeloid-to-erythroid ratio that gradually approaches 3:1 to 4:1 in healthy adult levels?

Which hematopoietic development phase involve the starting detection of Hb F and Hb A?

Warming the skin puncture site increases the blood flow by

Puncture the finger _ to fingerprint

Mesoblastic phase site of development

Hepatic phase site of development

Medullary phase site of development

Most common gauge with length of

What is the most common cause of needle puncture?

Which of the following major component of the bone marrow is considered as the hematopoietically active marrow?

Which of the following major component of the bone marrow is considered as the hematopoietically inactive marrow?

Which of the following major component of the bone marrow is composed of adiposytes?

(the process of replacing the active marrow with adipocytes or yellow marrow) which eventually results in restriction of active marrow to Vertebrae Proximal end of large bones Skull Ileac crest Sternum Ribs

What is the largest cell in the bone marrow?

Synthesizes new bone matrix

Has a characteristic “waterbug/comet” appearance.

The largest lymphoid organ in the body.

Vital but not essential for life and functions as an indiscriminate filter of the circulating blood

Contains about 20 – 40 mL of blood.

Serves as the major site of blood cell production during the second trimester of fetal development.

Maintains HSCs and progenitor cells to produce blood cells (extramedullary hematopoiesis) as a response to infectious agents or in pathologic myelofibrosis of the bone marrow.

Located along the lymphatic arteries that are parallel to but are not part of the circulatory system

Located along the lymphatic arteries that are parallel to but are not part of the circulatory system

Serves as a site of lymphocyte proliferation; involved in the initiation of specific immune response to foreign antigen; filtering particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph.

Lymph node outer region; involves primary follicles, secondary follicles (follicles with germinal centers (foci of activated B cell proliferation)

Inner region; cords is consist of plasma cells and B cells

Located between the cortex and the medulla; contains predominantly T cells and numerous macrophages

Utilized for the analysis of individual cell morphology

Disturbs the bone marrow architecture.

The marrow is removed intact without disturbing the bone architecture (cylinder of gelatinous red marrow)

Provides a better picture of the real structure of bone marrow.

Bone marrow smears are retained for how many years?

indicators of “loss of stemness”

EARLIEST IDENTIFIABLE HUMAN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCs

Cells are phagocytized with subsequent degradation of cell organelles

Splenic macrophages remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from circulating RBCs

Platelet and leukocyte counts temporary effect upon performing splenectomy

Which type of splenic tissue is composed primarily of vascular sinuses separated by cords of reticular cell meshwork (cords of Billroth)? This creates a spongelike matrix that functions as a filter for blood passing through the region. As RBCs pass through, there is a decrease in blood flow, leading to stagnation

Earliest committed progenitor

BFU-E to CFU-E

CFU-E to Pronormoblast

Pronormoblast to RBC

BFU-E to RBC (Total Time)

Beginning of globin production

One pronormoblast gives rise to two daughter pronormoblasts. More than one division is possible before maturation into basophilic normoblasts.

Undergoes mitosis, giving rise to two daughter cells. More than one division is possible before it matures into polychromatic normoblasts.

Detectable hemoglobin synthesis occurs (first stage of synthesis).

This is the last stage capable of mitosis

This is also the last stage of DNA synthesis.

This is the last stage of RNA synthesis.

There is no more DNA content after this stage.

Enucleation or the removal of nucleus from the cell occurs during this stage.

This is the first stage without a nucleus.

There is no more RNA content after this stage.

They reside in the bone marrow for 1 – 2 days and move in the peripheral blood, taking 1 day before reaching maturity

When seen using a Wright stain, they are called polychromatic erythrocytes. When seen using Vital stains, they are called reticulocytes

Degradation of mitochondria and other organelles takes place in this stage via autophagy

RNA is removed by P5'NT -1enzyme

first precurosr normally seen in the blood

Salmon-pink cytoplasm with bluish tinge seen using vital stain

RBC lifespan in premature neonate

RBC lifespan in term neonate

RBC lifespan in adult

major stimulatory cytokine/hormone for RBC production.

Source: Kidneys (peritubular fibroblasts) Target: Erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

Increased iron absorption by the production of

Inactivates hepcidin

Increased iron absorption

Decreases serum iron by closing ferroportin

Conversion time of hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin

Conversion time of methemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin

Conversion time of carboxyhemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin

MEMBRANE LIPIDS Inner layer:

MEMBRANE LIPIDS Outer layer:

Increased distribution on outer layer of senescent RBCs and serves as a receptor that macrophages bind to, leading to increased RBC death.

Present in both layers:

confers tensile strength on the lipid bilayer. As it rises, the membrane gains strength but loses elasticity.

M & N antigen

Ss antigen

Gerbich antigens

Function: Provides lateral or horizontal membrane stability

Transmembrane protein that regulates the influx of water into the RBC in response to osmotic changes.

The erythrocytes’ membrane is

Erythrocyte membrane is .. to Na+ , K+ , and Ca2+

Erythrocyte membrane is .. to water, HCO3 - , and Cl

Horizontal interaction defect that inhibits the membrane’s ability to rebound from deformation Ultimately, the RBCs progressively elongate to form visible elliptocytes, which causes a mild to severe hemolytic anemia

Autosomal dominant mutations that lead to too few vertical anchorages to maintain membrane stability. This leads to reduced surface area-to-volume ratio and the formation of spherocytes.

aka hereditary hydrocytosis

The RBC membrane is excessively permeable to sodium and potassium.

A.K.A. Hereditary xerocytosis

The RBC membrane is excessively permeable to potassium.

The collective term for anemia caused by shortened RBC survival because of enzyme deficiencies in glycolysis.